9. Biotechnology: Principles and Processes

*नोट: यह सेक्शन रिवीजन के लिए है। अपना ज्ञान परखने के लिए ऊपर दिए गए क्विज़ में भाग लें।

1. Enzymes that cut DNA at specific sites are called?
   A) Ligase  |  B) Restriction Endonuclease  |  C) Polymerase  |  D) RNAse
2. Who first coined the term Biotechnology?
   A) Karl Ereky  |  B) Watson  |  C) Mendel  |  D) Fleming
3. Which enzyme joins DNA fragments together?
   A) Helicase  |  B) Polymerase  |  C) DNA Ligase  |  D) Amylase
4. Who constructed the first recombinant DNA?
   A) Watson and Crick  |  B) Stanley Cohen and Herbert Boyer  |  C) Mendel  |  D) Morgan
5. What is a Plasmid?
   A) Extrachromosomal circular DNA in bacteria  |  B) Genetic material of virus  |  C) Part of cell wall  |  D) An enzyme
6. Who discovered the PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) technique?
   A) Kary Mullis  |  B) Sanger  |  C) Griffith  |  D) Hershey-Chase
7. DNA is which type of molecule?
   A) Positively charged  |  B) Negatively charged  |  C) Neutral  |  D) None
8. Which medium is used in Gel Electrophoresis?
   A) Cellulose  |  B) Agarose  |  C) Pectin  |  D) Lignin
9. Taq polymerase used in PCR is obtained from which bacteria?
   A) E. coli  |  B) Thermus aquaticus  |  C) Rhizobium  |  D) Bacillus
10. Which is most commonly used as a Cloning Vector?
    A) Plasmids and Bacteriophages  |  B) Viruses  |  C) Fungi  |  D) Plant roots
11. DNA is stained with what to be visualized?
    A) Iodine  |  B) Ethidium bromide  |  C) Safranin  |  D) Methylene blue
12. Palindromic sequence means?
    A) Sequence that reads same forward and backward  |  B) Long sequence  |  C) Short sequence  |  D) Reverse sequence
13. Sticky ends of DNA cut by restriction endonucleases are called so because:
    A) They are glue-like  |  B) They can form hydrogen bonds with complementary bases  |  C) They are wet  |  D) None
14. Ti plasmid is obtained from which bacteria?
    A) E. coli  |  B) Agrobacterium tumefaciens  |  C) Bacillus  |  D) Salmonella
15. What happens when chilled ethanol is added during DNA purification?
    A) DNA dissolves  |  B) DNA precipitates out  |  C) DNA breaks  |  D) No effect
16. Main function of a Bioreactor is?
    A) Cutting DNA  |  B) Mass culture of microorganisms  |  C) Making seeds  |  D) Destroying hormones
17. Cells are treated with which divalent ion to become competent hosts?
    A) Sodium  |  B) Calcium (Ca2+)  |  C) Potassium  |  D) Magnesium
18. What are the three main steps of PCR?
    A) Denaturation, Annealing, Extension  |  B) Cutting, Joining, Washing  |  C) Choosing, Growing, Selling  |  D) None
19. Injecting recombinant DNA directly into the nucleus of an animal cell is?
    A) Biolistics  |  B) Micro-injection  |  C) Electroporation  |  D) Gene gun
20. Where does 'Endonuclease' cut while cutting DNA at specific sites?
    A) At the ends of DNA  |  B) At specific sites within DNA  |  C) Only on sugar  |  D) Only on phosphate
21. Assertion (A): Restriction enzymes are called 'Molecular scissors'. Reason (R): They cut DNA molecules at specific palindromic sequences.
    A) Both A and R are true, R is correct explanation  |  B) Both A and R are true, R is not correct explanation  |  C) A is true, R is false  |  D) A is false, R is true
22. In EcoRI, what does 'co' represent?
    A) Gene name  |  B) Species (Coli)  |  C) Scientist name  |  D) Place name
23. Which are the selectable markers present in pBR322?
    A) ampR and tetR (Antibiotic resistance genes)  |  B) lacZ  |  C) ori  |  D) rop
24. Where will small DNA fragments be found in Gel Electrophoresis?
    A) Near anode (farthest)  |  B) Near cathode  |  C) Near wells  |  D) Anywhere
25. Assertion (A): Taq polymerase is essential for PCR. Reason (R): It remains active even at high temperatures.
    A) Both A and R are true, R is correct explanation  |  B) Both A and R are true, R is not correct explanation  |  C) A is true  |  D) R is true
26. What is the importance of 'ori' site in a plasmid?
    A) Produces protein  |  B) Initiates replication  |  C) Gives color  |  D) Makes cell wall
27. In Gene gun technique, DNA is bombarded using micro-particles of which metals?
    A) Iron and Copper  |  B) Gold and Tungsten  |  C) Silver and Aluminum  |  D) Potassium
28. Blue-white screening for recombinant selection is based on inactivation of which enzyme?
    A) Ligase  |  B) Beta-galactosidase  |  C) Polymerase  |  D) Pepsin
29. What is 'Elution' in biotechnology?
    A) Cutting and separating DNA from gel  |  B) Joining DNA  |  C) Breaking cell  |  D) None
30. Assertion (A): Agrobacterium is called 'Natural Genetic Engineer'. Reason (R): It transfers a segment of its Ti-plasmid into plant cells.
    A) Both A and R are true, R is correct explanation  |  B) Both A and R are true, R is not correct explanation  |  C) A is true  |  D) R is true
31. Downstream processing includes?
    A) Separation & Purification  |  B) Only culture  |  C) Cutting DNA  |  D) Using gene gun
32. What is the specialty of restriction enzyme 'Hind II'?
    A) It was the first discovered restriction endonuclease  |  B) It kills viruses  |  C) It is only found in plants  |  D) None
33. Why is a contamination-free environment necessary in biotechnology?
    A) To ensure growth of only desired microbes  |  B) For show  |  C) To increase temperature  |  D) None
34. New DNA formed by joining foreign DNA with a vector is?
    A) Cloned DNA  |  B) Recombinant DNA  |  C) Hybrid RNA  |  D) None
35. Purpose of giving 'Heat shock' to host cell?
    A) To kill the cell  |  B) To facilitate DNA entry (at 42°C)  |  C) To dry the cell  |  D) To change color
36. What happens in the 'Annealing' step of PCR?
    A) DNA coils open  |  B) Primers bind to complementary ends of DNA  |  C) New DNA is formed  |  D) DNA is destroyed
37. How is oxygen availability ensured in a Stirred-tank bioreactor?
    A) Air bubbles and Stirrer  |  B) By turning off machine  |  C) By cooling  |  D) None
38. What is Transformation?
    A) Entry of DNA from one cell to another  |  B) Cell division  |  C) Cell death  |  D) Protein synthesis
39. Assertion (A): Restriction enzymes cut only at palindromic sites. Reason (R): These sites are 4-8 base pairs long.
    A) Both A and R are true  |  B) Only A is true  |  C) Only R is true  |  D) Both false
40. Selectable markers help in?
    A) Identifying transformants and non-transformants  |  B) Cutting DNA  |  C) Providing energy  |  D) None
41. How many copies of original DNA are obtained after 30 cycles of PCR?
    A) 30  |  B) 1 lakh  |  C) Approx 1 billion  |  D) 100
42. Example of a restriction endonuclease that cuts DNA to form 'Blunt ends'?
    A) EcoRI  |  B) SmaI (or Hind II)  |  C) BamHI  |  D) SalI
43. What is the function of 'rop' gene in pBR322?
    A) Providing resistance  |  B) Coding for proteins involved in replication  |  C) Making enzymes  |  D) None
44. If foreign DNA is joined at 'BamHI' site (within tetR gene) of pBR322, result will be?
    A) Loss of tetracycline resistance (Insertional inactivation)  |  B) Loss of ampicillin resistance  |  C) Cell death  |  D) No change
45. A DNA fragment extracted from gel and visualized under ethidium bromide and UV light will appear?
    A) Bright blue  |  B) Bright orange  |  C) Yellow  |  D) White
46. Nature of primers used in PCR?
    A) Long DNA  |  B) Short chemically synthesized oligonucleotides  |  C) Protein  |  D) Vitamin
47. Vector selection is based on?
    A) Size of foreign DNA  |  B) Type of host cell  |  C) Both A and B  |  D) Only color
48. Bacterial cell wall is broken by what to obtain pure DNA?
    A) Cellulase  |  B) Lysozyme  |  C) Chitinase  |  D) Protease
49. Suitable temperature for 'Denaturation' in PCR?
    A) 40-50°C  |  B) 90-95°C  |  C) 72°C  |  D) 0°C
50. For recombinant identification, 'Lac Z' gene was used. White colonies indicate?
    A) Foreign gene is joined (Recombinant)  |  B) Foreign gene is not joined  |  C) Bacteria is dead  |  D) None
51. DNA polymerase adds new nucleotides at which end?
    A) 5' end  |  B) 3' -OH end  |  C) Anywhere  |  D) Middle
52. Which enzyme is used to extract DNA from Fungi?
    A) Lysozyme  |  B) Chitinase  |  C) Cellulase  |  D) Protease
53. Which restriction endonuclease of E. coli is most commonly used?
    A) EcoRI  |  B) Hind III  |  C) BamHI  |  D) Pst I
54. Why is a 'Foam control system' necessary in a bioreactor?
    A) To save energy  |  B) To reduce foam during fermentation  |  C) To increase color  |  D) None
55. Can RNA also be separated by Gel Electrophoresis?
    A) Yes  |  B) No  |  C) Only very large RNA  |  D) Only ribosomes
56. Charge-to-mass ratio of DNA fragments is?
    A) Constant (hence separated only by size)  |  B) Different  |  C) Zero  |  D) Infinite
57. Bioreactor stage most suitable for obtaining Primary metabolites?
    A) Lag phase  |  B) Log phase (Exponential)  |  C) Stationary phase  |  D) Death phase
58. Optimum temperature for 'Extension' step in PCR?
    A) 94°C  |  B) 54°C  |  C) 72°C  |  D) 37°C
59. An ideal cloning vector should have how many 'Recognition sites'?
    A) Very many  |  B) One or very few (to reduce complexity)  |  C) Zero  |  D) Ten
60. Example of a 'Palindromic' sequence in biotechnology is?
    A) GAATTC (for EcoRI)  |  B) ATGC  |  C) AAAAAA  |  D) None