6. Evolution
рдЗрд╕ рдкреЗрдЬ рдкрд░ рдЖрдкрдХреЛ 6. Evolution рдХреЗ рд╕рднреА рдорд╣рддреНрд╡рдкреВрд░реНрдг рдмрд╣реБрд╡рд┐рдХрд▓реНрдкреАрдп рдкреНрд░рд╢реНрди (MCQ), рдкрд░реАрдХреНрд╖рд╛ рдЙрдкрдпреЛрдЧреА рдиреЛрдЯреНрд╕ рдФрд░ рдСрдирд▓рд╛рдЗрди рдХреНрд╡рд┐рдЬрд╝ рдорд┐рд▓реЗрдВрдЧреЗред рдЕрдкрдиреЗ рдЬреНрдЮрд╛рди рдХрд╛ рдкрд░реАрдХреНрд╖рдг рдХрд░рдиреЗ рдФрд░ рдмреЛрд░реНрдб/рдкреНрд░рддрд┐рдпреЛрдЧреА рдкрд░реАрдХреНрд╖рд╛ рдореЗрдВ рд╢рдд-рдкреНрд░рддрд┐рд╢рдд рдЕрдВрдХ рдкреНрд░рд╛рдкреНрдд рдХрд░рдиреЗ рдХреЗ рд▓рд┐рдП рдиреАрдЪреЗ рджрд┐рдП рдЧрдП рдореЙрдХ рдЯреЗрд╕реНрдЯ рдореЗрдВ рдЕрд╡рд╢реНрдп рднрд╛рдЧ рд▓реЗрдВред
ЁЯСЙ рдЕрдзреНрдпрд╛рдп рдХрд╛ рд╕рд╛рд░рд╛рдВрд╢ (Summary)
Dear students, in this chapter, we will deeply study 1 extremely mysterious, ancient, and fascinating branch of biology that solves the deepest puzzle of our own existence: 'Evolution'. When we look at the bright stars in the open sky at night, 1 major question often arises in our minds regarding how this vast universe was actually formed. How exactly did life begin on Earth? And most importantly, how was this extremely long and wonderful journey of billions of years from 1 single-celled microscopic organism to us humans (Homo sapiens) completed? The continuous process of evolution is 1 magical law of nature, which perfectly explains how living organisms undergo gradual changes over time and how they beautifully adapt themselves according to their surrounding environment.
Instead of just memorizing science in closed books, if we closely connect it with our real life and nature, we will find countless examples of evolution scattered all around us. Have you ever thought deeply about how giant and powerful creatures like dinosaurs, who once ruled the entire Earth, suddenly became 100 percent extinct? Meanwhile, the small insects and mammalian organisms of that same period are still successfully surviving today. The simple and 100 percent scientific reason behind this is the critical ability to mold oneself according to the rapidly changing environment. Charles Darwin's brilliant 'Theory of Natural Selection' teaches us exactly this fundamental concept that 'survival of the fittest' is the ultimate truth of nature. Moreover, in today's modern hospitals, the fact that some extremely powerful antibiotic medicines have 100 percent stopped working on certain bacteria is actually 1 very accurate and highly practical modern example of evolution occurring in those bacteria within 1 very short period of time.
From the strict perspective of the upcoming NCERT and RBSE board exams, this specific chapter of biology is highly scoring and extremely important for your 100 percent success. In the board exams, not only direct theoretical questions are asked from this chapter, but excellent analytical questions based on Darwin's theory, Homologous and Analogous organs, and the Hardy-Weinberg Principle definitely appear in the final exam paper every single year without fail. In this highly exciting journey, we will 1st study the various prominent theories regarding the origin of life very closely. The historical experiment conducted by Stanley Miller and Harold Urey is 1 extremely important topic, which 100 percent proved in the laboratory that the beginning of life actually happened from simple inorganic molecules.
Moving 1 little further in the chapter, we will logically analyze the solid evidences of evolution. We will learn how old fossils beautifully provide strong testimony to the ancient history of Earth. We will also understand why the wings of birds and the hands of humans perform 2 completely different functions, but their internal bone structure remains exactly similar (Homologous organs). After this, we will study Adaptive Radiation, the best natural example of which is the small birds known as Darwin's Finches. Understanding Lamarck's theory of inheritance of acquired characters and its scientific flaws is also very necessary. Finally, we will learn the complete fascinating story of the gradual evolution of man, starting from Dryopithecus and logically reaching Ramapithecus, Australopithecus, Homo erectus, and ultimately the modern human, Homo sapiens. We will understand how walking on 2 legs and the massive increase in the size of the brain became our biggest strength.
To perfectly ensure your excellent and 100 percent strong preparation, we have meticulously selected and prepared completely accurate, high-level, and highly exam-useful objective questions (MCQs) from all these complex topics. By continuously practicing again and again, you will surely learn critical time management and massively increase your speed of solving questions without making even 1 single mistake.
Feature: This is 1 3-Level based unique quiz. To unlock the next level (Level 2 and 3), students must score at least 70% in the current level, making their board exam preparation 100% strong.
рдорд╣рддреНрд╡рдкреВрд░реНрдг рдкреНрд░рд╢реНрди (Important Questions)
PDF рдбрд╛рдЙрдирд▓реЛрдб рдХрд░реЗрдВрдЕрдзреНрдпрд╛рдп рдХреЗ рд╕рднреА рдкреНрд░рд╢реНрди (Revision Notes)
*рдиреЛрдЯ: рдпрд╣ рд╕реЗрдХреНрд╢рди рд░рд┐рд╡реАрдЬрди рдХреЗ рд▓рд┐рдП рд╣реИред рдЕрдкрдирд╛ рдЬреНрдЮрд╛рди рдкрд░рдЦрдиреЗ рдХреЗ рд▓рд┐рдП рдКрдкрд░ рджрд┐рдП рдЧрдП рдХреНрд╡рд┐рдЬрд╝ рдореЗрдВ рднрд╛рдЧ рд▓реЗрдВред
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Which is the main theory explaining the origin of the universe?
A) Big Bang Theory | B) Particle theory | C) Steady state theory | D) None -
Earth is considered to have originated approx how many years ago?
A) 20 billion years | B) 4.5 billion years | C) 500 million years | D) 10 billion years -
Which gas was absent in Earth's primitive atmosphere at the time of origin of life?
A) Methane | B) Ammonia | C) Oxygen | D) Water vapor -
Which gas mixture did S. L. Miller use in his experiment?
A) CH4, NH3, H2 and Water vapor | B) O2, CO2 and N2 | C) He and Ne | D) Only CH4 -
Who disproved the Theory of Spontaneous Generation?
A) Charles Darwin | B) Louis Pasteur | C) Oparin | D) Lamarck -
Where did the first living forms originate?
A) Soil | B) Air | C) Water | D) Rocks -
Which theory did Oparin and Haldane propose for the origin of life?
A) Religious theory | B) Chemical Evolution | C) Panspermia | D) Spontaneous generation -
Darwin's Finches are an excellent example of?
A) Adaptive Radiation | B) Convergent evolution | C) Metamorphosis | D) Artificial selection -
Who proposed the theory of Inheritance of Acquired Characters?
A) August Weismann | B) Lamarck | C) Darwin | D) Mendel -
Wings of a bird and wings of an insect are which type of organs?
A) Homologous organs | B) Analogous organs | C) Vestigial organs | D) None -
Forelimbs of whale, bat, and human are which type of organs?
A) Homologous organs | B) Analogous organs | C) Same function organs | D) None -
The 'Vermiform Appendix' in the human body is an example of?
A) Active organ | B) Vestigial organ | C) Homologous organ | D) Evolved organ -
Who proposed the theory of Natural Selection?
A) Charles Darwin | B) Lamarck | C) Hugo de Vries | D) Alfred Wallace -
Who gave the theory of Mutation?
A) Darwin | B) Lamarck | C) Hugo de Vries | D) Morgan -
Industrial Melanism is proof of natural selection; where was it observed?
A) India | B) England | C) America | D) China -
What is the common method for determining the age of fossils?
A) Uranium dating | B) Radio-carbon dating | C) Nitrogen test | D) None -
In which continent is the origin of humans considered to have occurred?
A) Asia | B) Europe | C) Africa | D) Australia -
What was the cranial capacity of Homo habilis?
A) 450 cc | B) 650-800 cc | C) 900 cc | D) 1400 cc -
What is the scientific name of modern humans?
A) Homo erectus | B) Homo sapiens | C) Homo habilis | D) Ramapithecus -
Small changes occurring within a species are called?
A) Macro-evolution | B) Micro-evolution | C) Apomixis | D) Double fertilization -
Assertion (A): Homologous organs represent Divergent evolution.
Reason (R): These organs develop from same ancestral structure but adapt for different functions.
A) Both A and R are true, R is correct explanation | B) Both A and R are true, R is not correct explanation | C) A is true, R is false | D) A is false, R is true -
Which organs are formed as a result of Convergent evolution?
A) Homologous organs | B) Analogous organs | C) Vestigial organs | D) Connecting link -
According to Darwin, what is the main basis of evolution?
A) Mutation | B) Sudden change | C) Slow and continuous variations | D) Direct effect of environment -
According to Hugo de Vries, how do new species originate?
A) Small changes | B) Saltation (Single-step large mutation) | C) Continuous selection | D) None -
Assertion (A): Flippers of penguins and dolphins are analogous organs.
Reason (R): They have same origin but different functions.
A) A is true, R is false | B) A is false, R is true | C) Both true | D) Both false -
Example of a Connecting link is?
A) Archaeopteryx | B) Platypus | C) Peripatus | D) All of the above -
Factor affecting Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium is?
A) Gene flow | B) Genetic drift | C) Natural selection | D) All of the above -
In which type of population is Genetic drift effective?
A) Large population | B) Small populations | C) Stable population | D) None -
Founder effect is related to?
A) Adaptation | B) Genetic drift | C) Natural selection | D) Mutation -
Assertion (A): Darwin's finches evolved from a single ancestor.
Reason (R): Changes in their beaks occurred due to different environment and food on islands.
A) Both A and R are true, R is correct explanation | B) Both A and R are true, R is not correct explanation | C) A is true | D) R is true -
Evidence of biological evolution comes from?
A) Paleontology | B) Comparative anatomy | C) Molecular biology | D) All of the above -
Which animal example did Lamarck use to explain his theory?
A) Elephant | B) Giraffe | C) Pigeon | D) Horse -
Who were the first photosynthetic organisms on Earth?
A) Algae | B) Cyanobacteria | C) Fungi | D) Bryophyta -
What is true about Homo erectus?
A) They ate meat | B) Cranial capacity was 900 cc | C) They walked upright | D) All of the above -
Who gave evidence for Embryological development?
A) Ernst Haeckel | B) Karl Ernst von Baer | C) Darwin | D) Mendel -
What does Biological evolution mean?
A) Sudden change | B) Gradual change from generation to generation | C) Species extinction | D) None -
Archaeopteryx is a link between which two classes?
A) Pisces and Amphibia | B) Reptiles and Birds | C) Birds and Mammals | D) Amphibians and Reptiles -
Which is NOT a vestigial organ?
A) Wisdom teeth | B) Pinna muscles | C) Nails | D) Nictitating membrane -
What is a Gene pool?
A) Total genes of a population | B) Genes of a cell | C) Genes found in a river | D) Artificial genes -
Assertion (A): Evolution is a progressive process.
Reason (R): Complex organisms are always formed from simple organisms.
A) A is true, R is false | B) A is false, R is true | C) Both true | D) Both false -
What does $2pq$ represent in the Hardy-Weinberg equation $p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1$?
A) Dominant phenotype | B) Heterozygous frequency | C) Recessive phenotype | D) Gene mutation -
In which Era did dinosaurs go extinct?
A) Paleozoic | B) Mesozoic | C) Cenozoic | D) Proterozoic -
Correct sequence in human evolution is?
A) Australopithecus -> Homo habilis -> Homo erectus -> Homo sapiens | B) Ramapithecus -> Homo erectus -> Homo habilis | C) Homo sapiens -> Neanderthal | D) None -
Main characteristic of Neanderthal man was?
A) They did not eat meat | B) They buried their dead | C) Cranial capacity was 1600 cc | D) They only lived on trees -
Divergent evolution occurs due to?
A) Common habitat | B) Adaptive radiation | C) Same function | D) None -
Louis Pasteur's Swan-neck flask experiment disproved?
A) Biogenesis | B) Spontaneous generation | C) Panspermia | D) Chemical evolution -
When did first cellular organisms appear on Earth?
A) 4 billion years ago | B) 2 billion years ago | C) 500 million years ago | D) 100 million years ago -
Abiogenesis means?
A) Origin of life from non-living matter | B) Origin of life from living beings | C) Life from outer space | D) None -
Development of organs for similar functions is called?
A) Adaptation | B) Adaptive convergence | C) Homology | D) None -
In Darwin's 'Natural Selection', 'Fittest' means?
A) Physically strong | B) High reproductive fitness | C) Large size | D) Fast runner -
What is the study of fossils called?
A) Ethology | B) Paleontology | C) Oncology | D) Histology -
Which factor disturbs Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?
A) Random mating | B) Mutation | C) Stable genes | D) Large population -
Forelimbs of frogs and lizards are?
A) Analogous | B) Homologous | C) Vestigial | D) None -
Who is the most ancient ancestor of the modern horse (Equus)?
A) Mesohippus | B) Eohippus | C) Merychippus | D) Pliohippus -
When did fish-like reptiles (Ichthyosaurs) evolve?
A) 500 mya | B) 200 mya | C) 350 mya | D) 100 mya -
First amphibians evolved from?
A) Reptiles | B) Lobefins fish | C) Algae | D) Birds -
Who proposed the 'Recapitulation theory' as proof of evolution?
A) Haeckel | B) von Baer | C) Darwin | D) Mendel -
Which trait is selected in Stabilizing selection?
A) One extreme | B) Mean trait | C) Both extremes | D) None -
What is another name for Genetic drift?
A) Darwin effect | B) Sewall Wright effect | C) Mendel effect | D) None -
How much similarity is there in the DNA of humans and chimpanzees?
A) 50% | B) 70% | C) 98-99% | D) 10%
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