5. Molecular Basis of Inheritance
рдЗрд╕ рдкреЗрдЬ рдкрд░ рдЖрдкрдХреЛ 5. Molecular Basis of Inheritance рдХреЗ рд╕рднреА рдорд╣рддреНрд╡рдкреВрд░реНрдг рдмрд╣реБрд╡рд┐рдХрд▓реНрдкреАрдп рдкреНрд░рд╢реНрди (MCQ), рдкрд░реАрдХреНрд╖рд╛ рдЙрдкрдпреЛрдЧреА рдиреЛрдЯреНрд╕ рдФрд░ рдСрдирд▓рд╛рдЗрди рдХреНрд╡рд┐рдЬрд╝ рдорд┐рд▓реЗрдВрдЧреЗред рдЕрдкрдиреЗ рдЬреНрдЮрд╛рди рдХрд╛ рдкрд░реАрдХреНрд╖рдг рдХрд░рдиреЗ рдФрд░ рдмреЛрд░реНрдб/рдкреНрд░рддрд┐рдпреЛрдЧреА рдкрд░реАрдХреНрд╖рд╛ рдореЗрдВ рд╢рдд-рдкреНрд░рддрд┐рд╢рдд рдЕрдВрдХ рдкреНрд░рд╛рдкреНрдд рдХрд░рдиреЗ рдХреЗ рд▓рд┐рдП рдиреАрдЪреЗ рджрд┐рдП рдЧрдП рдореЙрдХ рдЯреЗрд╕реНрдЯ рдореЗрдВ рдЕрд╡рд╢реНрдп рднрд╛рдЧ рд▓реЗрдВред
ЁЯСЙ рдЕрдзреНрдпрд╛рдп рдХрд╛ рд╕рд╛рд░рд╛рдВрд╢ (Summary)
Dear students, in this chapter, we will study 1 of the most mysterious, microscopic, and fascinating branches of biology that writes the complete story of our life: 'Molecular Basis of Inheritance'. In the previous chapter, we read Mendel's laws and learned that the traits of parents reach their children through a gene. But Mendel could not explain what chemical substance this gene is actually made of. In this chapter, we will enter right into the center of the cell, the nucleus, and discover that magical chemical molecule which hides within itself the complete blueprint for the creation of every 1 single organism present on Earth. The name of this great molecule is DNA.
Instead of just memorizing science in closed books, if we connect it with our real life and the events of the modern world, this chapter will seem very magical to you. Have you ever watched crime shows on TV? When the police find 1 small hair or 1 drop of blood of the criminal at the crime scene, how do they immediately catch the exact criminal? This is no magic, but it is 100 percent the scientific marvel of DNA Fingerprinting. The DNA of any 2 humans in the world (except identical twins) can never be 100 percent identical. Furthermore, during a terrible pandemic like Corona, the entire science behind the RT-PCR test used to identify the virus is completely hidden in this very chapter.
From the strict perspective of the upcoming NCERT and RBSE board exams, this specific chapter of biology is highly scoring and extremely important for your 100 percent success. It is the largest and highest mark-yielding chapter in the entire biology syllabus. In the board exams, excellent analytical questions based on the Watson and Crick DNA model, DNA Replication, and Transcription definitely appear in the final exam paper every single year without fail. In this exciting journey, we will 1st study the chemical structure of nucleic acids very closely. We will learn how 1 giant DNA molecule is made up of 3 small components: sugar, phosphate, and nitrogenous bases. We will also see how exactly 2 meters of long DNA is tightly packaged into 1 microscopic nucleus using basic proteins called histones, forming nucleosomes. Watson and Crick's Double Helix Model is 1 of the greatest discoveries in biology, which is very essential to understand. Moving 1 little further in the chapter, we will deeply analyze the historical experiments of Griffith with mice, and the phenomenal work of Hershey and Chase using bacteriophages, who logically proved to the world 100 percent that DNA is indeed the genetic material that passes from 1 generation to the next generation.
After this, we will understand the 3 main steps of the Central Dogma. The 1st step is the formation of new DNA from DNA, which is called Replication. The 2nd step is the formation of RNA from DNA, which is called Transcription, and the 3rd step is reading the instructions of RNA to build proteins, which is called Translation. The intricate machinery of ribosomes and transfer RNA plays 1 very crucial role in this process. The Genetic Code is 1 type of magical language that holds the complete information of the 20 different amino acids formed in our body. We will also study the fascinating concept of the Lac Operon discovered by Jacob and Monod, which beautifully explains how gene expression is turned on or off exactly like 1 biological switch in bacteria. Finally, we will learn about the massive mega-project of the Human Genome Project, which took exactly 13 years and has completely read the sequence of more than 3 billion base pairs present in human DNA.
To perfectly ensure your excellent and 100 percent strong preparation, we have meticulously selected and prepared completely accurate, high-level, and highly exam-useful objective questions (MCQs) from all these complex topics. These targeted questions will not only help to fully clarify your theoretical concepts but will also take your self-confidence to the absolute sky in the final examination hall. By continuously practicing again and again, you will surely learn critical time management and massively increase your speed of solving questions without making even 1 single mistake.
Feature: This is 1 3-Level based unique quiz. To unlock the next level (Level 2 and 3), students must score at least 70% in the current level, making their board exam preparation 100% strong.
рдорд╣рддреНрд╡рдкреВрд░реНрдг рдкреНрд░рд╢реНрди (Important Questions)
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*рдиреЛрдЯ: рдпрд╣ рд╕реЗрдХреНрд╢рди рд░рд┐рд╡реАрдЬрди рдХреЗ рд▓рд┐рдП рд╣реИред рдЕрдкрдирд╛ рдЬреНрдЮрд╛рди рдкрд░рдЦрдиреЗ рдХреЗ рд▓рд┐рдП рдКрдкрд░ рджрд┐рдП рдЧрдП рдХреНрд╡рд┐рдЬрд╝ рдореЗрдВ рднрд╛рдЧ рд▓реЗрдВред
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Who proposed the Double Helix Model of DNA?
A) Griffith | B) Watson & Crick | C) Hershey & Chase | D) Mendel -
Which nitrogenous base is found in RNA instead of Thymine?
A) Cytosine | B) Guanine | C) Uracil | D) Adenine -
The process of forming RNA from DNA is called?
A) Replication | B) Transcription | C) Translation | D) Mutation -
Genetic Code is always?
A) Singlet | B) Doublet | C) Triplet | D) Quadruplet -
Who first developed the DNA fingerprinting technique?
A) Watson | B) Alec Jeffreys | C) Khurana | D) Sanger -
The DNA segment that codes for a polypeptide is called?
A) Muton | B) Recon | C) Cistron | D) Intron -
Which bond is found between sugar and phosphate in a polynucleotide chain?
A) Hydrogen bond | B) Peptide bond | C) Phosphodiester bond | D) Glycosidic bond -
By what name is the Human Genome Project (HGP) known?
A) Mini Project | B) Mega Project | C) Micro Project | D) None -
An example of a Stop Codon is?
A) AUG | B) UAA | C) GUG | D) UUU -
Which amino acid is coded by the Start Codon 'AUG'?
A) Valine | B) Methionine | C) Lysine | D) Glycine -
Which protein is found in a Nucleosome?
A) Albumin | B) Histone | C) Globulin | D) Keratin -
What is the width of a DNA molecule?
A) 20 ├Е | B) 34 ├Е | C) 10 ├Е | D) 2 ├Е -
Type of RNA that carries amino acids to the ribosome?
A) mRNA | B) rRNA | C) tRNA | D) snRNA -
Which bacterium did Griffith use for his experiment?
A) E. coli | B) Streptococcus pneumoniae | C) Salmonella | D) Rhizobium -
Which experiment gave final confirmation of DNA as genetic material?
A) Griffith experiment | B) Hershey-Chase experiment | C) Meselson-Stahl | D) Muller experiment -
The direction of DNA replication is always?
A) 3' -> 5' | B) 5' -> 3' | C) Both directions | D) Not fixed -
What is the length of one complete helix turn?
A) 3.4 nm | B) 0.34 nm | C) 20 nm | D) 10 nm -
According to the RNA World hypothesis, the first genetic material was?
A) DNA | B) RNA | C) Protein | D) Carbohydrate -
Which is the largest gene in the human genome?
A) Insulin gene | B) Dystrophin | C) Haemoglobin gene | D) Oncogene -
Adenine always pairs with what in DNA?
A) Cytosine | B) Thymine | C) Guanine | D) Uracil -
Assertion (A): DNA is a better genetic material.
Reason (R): Absence of 2'-OH group makes it structurally more stable.
A) Both A and R are true, R is correct explanation | B) Both A and R are true, R is not correct explanation | C) A is true, R is false | D) A is false, R is true -
Who plays the role of the Inducer in the Lac Operon?
A) Glucose | B) Lactose | C) Protein | D) Enzyme -
What is true according to Chargaff's Rule?
A) A+G = T+C | B) A+T = G+C | C) A = C | D) G = T -
How many base pairs are in one turn of DNA?
A) 5 | B) 10 | C) 12 | D) 20 -
What does RNA Polymerase-I transcribe?
A) tRNA | B) rRNA | C) mRNA | D) snRNA -
Enzyme that joins 'Okazaki fragments' during replication?
A) Polymerase | B) Ligase | C) Helicase | D) Primase -
Genetic codes are 'Degenerate'; this means?
A) One codon codes for many amino acids | B) One amino acid is coded by many codons | C) Codon is universal | D) None -
What is the polarity of the Template strand?
A) 5' -> 3' | B) 3' -> 5' | C) Both | D) None -
The flow of information from DNA to RNA to Protein is called?
A) Reverse transcription | B) Central Dogma | C) Mutation | D) Transformation -
How is Euchromatin?
A) Loosely packed and active | B) Densely packed and inactive | C) Colorless | D) None -
Use of Repetitive DNA is in?
A) Protein synthesis | B) DNA fingerprinting | C) Energy production | D) None -
What is included in a Transcription Unit?
A) Promoter | B) Structural gene | C) Terminator | D) All of the above -
What is removed during the Splicing process?
A) Exon | B) Intron | C) Cistron | D) Promoter -
What else is tRNA called?
A) Messenger molecule | B) Adapter molecule | C) Structural molecule | D) Catalytic molecule -
Which charged histone octamer is involved in DNA helix packaging?
A) Negatively charged | B) Positively charged | C) Neutral | D) None -
Which isotope did Meselson and Stahl use in their experiment?
A) N-14 and N-15 | B) C-14 | C) P-32 | D) S-35 -
In which is Reverse Transcription found?
A) Bacteria | B) Retrovirus | C) Human | D) Plants -
What is the full form of VNTR?
A) Variable Number of Tandem Repeats | B) Various Nucleotide Tandem RNA | C) Variable Nucleus Type Repeat | D) None -
The process of protein synthesis on mRNA is called?
A) Transcription | B) Translation | C) Replication | D) Differentiation -
What are the two functions of the 'AUG' codon?
A) Initiation and Methionine coding | B) Termination and coding | C) Only initiation | D) Only termination -
Total number of base pairs in a diploid human cell is?
A) 3.3 x 10^9 | B) 6.6 x 10^9 | C) 4.6 x 10^6 | D) 1.1 x 10^9 -
Which radioactive element was used for protein in the Hershey-Chase experiment?
A) P-32 | B) S-35 | C) N-15 | D) C-14 -
If the base sequence in a DNA strand is ATGC, what will it be in mRNA?
A) TACG | B) UACG | C) AUGC | D) UAGC -
The distance between two nucleotides in a single polynucleotide chain is?
A) 3.4 ├Е | B) 0.34 ├Е | C) 20 ├Е | D) 2 nm -
Who proved that DNA replication is 'Semi-conservative'?
A) Watson | B) Meselson & Stahl | C) Khurana | D) Griffith -
Where does transcription occur in Prokaryotes?
A) Nucleus | B) Cytoplasm | C) Mitochondria | D) Ribosome -
The 'z' gene in Lac Operon codes for which enzyme?
A) Permease | B) Transacetylase | C) Beta-galactosidase | D) Polymerase -
When was the Human Genome Project (HGP) completed?
A) 1990 | B) 2000 | C) 2003 | D) 2010 -
Use of SNP (Single Nucleotide Polymorphism) is in?
A) Tracing diseases | B) Understanding human history | C) Both A & B | D) None -
Who gave the 'Clover leaf' structure of tRNA?
A) Robert Holley | B) Watson | C) Crick | D) Khurana -
Who acts as a catalyst for peptide bond formation during translation?
A) 23S rRNA (Ribozyme) | B) mRNA | C) DNA | D) Protein -
Main enzyme for DNA replication is?
A) RNA Polymerase | B) DNA-dependent DNA Polymerase | C) Ligase | D) Helicase -
If transcription stops in a cell, what will be affected first?
A) Respiration | B) Protein synthesis | C) Cell division | D) Digestion -
Length of DNA wrapped around a histone core in a nucleosome is approx?
A) 100 bp | B) 200 bp | C) 400 bp | D) 1000 bp -
RNA Splicing is found only in which organisms?
A) Prokaryotes | B) Eukaryotes | C) Viruses | D) All -
The non-coding part of DNA is called?
A) Exon | B) Intron | C) Cistron | D) Muton -
Which codon is 'Unambiguous'?
A) AUG | B) GUG | C) UUU | D) All genetic codons -
Which group is attached to the 5' end of DNA?
A) OH group | B) Phosphate group | C) Sugar | D) Base -
According to HGP, which human chromosome has the highest number of genes?
A) Chromosome 21 | B) Chromosome 1 | C) Chromosome 10 | D) Chromosome 5 -
Who performs the function of opening the helix during replication?
A) Ligase | B) Helicase | C) Polymerase | D) Topoisomerase
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