12. Ecosystem (Ecosystem)

*नोट: यह सेक्शन रिवीजन के लिए है। अपना ज्ञान परखने के लिए ऊपर दिए गए क्विज़ में भाग लें।

1. Who first used the term Ecosystem?
   A) E.P. Odum  |  B) A.G. Tansley  |  C) Charles Elton  |  D) Darwin
2. Main and final source of energy in an ecosystem?
   A) Air  |  B) Soil  |  C) Sun  |  D) Water
3. Organisms depending directly or indirectly on plants for food are?
   A) Producers  |  B) Decomposers  |  C) Consumers  |  D) None
4. Biotic components of ecosystem include?
   A) Temp and Rainfall  |  B) Plants, animals and microbes  |  C) Soil and air  |  D) Moisture
5. Green plants convert solar energy to chemical energy, hence they are?
   A) Decomposers  |  B) Producers  |  C) Primary consumers  |  D) Secondary consumers
6. Fungi and bacteria mainly belong to which ecosystem component?
   A) Producers  |  B) Decomposers  |  C) Herbivores  |  D) Carnivores
7. Food chain always starts with?
   A) Herbivores  |  B) Producers  |  C) Carnivores  |  D) Decomposers
8. Pyramid of Energy is always?
   A) Always inverted  |  B) Always upright  |  C) Uncertain  |  D) Bell-shaped
9. Organisms consuming dead organic matter are?
   A) Predators  |  B) Detritivores  |  C) Producers  |  D) None
10. Mass of living material at a trophic level at a particular time?
    A) Standing crop  |  B) Standing state  |  C) Total productivity  |  D) Biomass
11. Most important limiting factor for productivity in aquatic ecosystem?
    A) CO2  |  B) Light  |  C) Soil  |  D) Nitrogen
12. Pyramid of numbers in a grassland ecosystem?
    A) Upright  |  B) Inverted  |  C) Spindle shaped  |  D) None
13. Decomposition rate is fast when?
    A) Low temp  |  B) Oxygen lack  |  C) Moisture and warm environment  |  D) Nitrogen lack
14. Two main components of ecosystem?
    A) Trees and animals  |  B) Biotic & Abiotic  |  C) Soil and water  |  D) Air and light
15. What type of ecosystem is a lake?
    A) Natural  |  B) Artificial  |  C) Transient  |  D) None
16. Crop fields are what type of ecosystem?
    A) Natural  |  B) Man-made  |  C) Stable  |  D) None
17. According to Lindeman, how much energy is transferred to next level?
    A) 1%  |  B) 10% law  |  C) 50%  |  D) 100%
18. What happens to energy going from one level to another?
    A) Increases  |  B) Decreases (loss as heat)  |  C) Stays same  |  D) Is zero
19. Formula for Net Primary Productivity (NPP)?
    A) GPP - R  |  B) GPP + R  |  C) NPP + R  |  D) R - GPP
20. A lion in a food chain is at which level?
    A) Producer  |  B) Primary consumer  |  C) Top Carnivore  |  D) Decomposer
21. Assertion (A): Pyramid of energy can never be inverted. Reason (R): Energy is always lost as heat when moving between levels.
    A) Both A and R are true, R is correct explanation  |  B) Both A and R are true, R is not correct explanation  |  C) A is true, R is false  |  D) A is false, R is true
22. What is 'Leaching' in decomposition?
    A) Breakdown of organic matter  |  B) Water-soluble inorganic nutrients going down into soil  |  C) Release of gas  |  D) None
23. Where does Detritus food chain start?
    A) Living plants  |  B) Dead organic matter  |  C) Sunlight  |  D) Animals only
24. Pyramid of Biomass in a pond is usually?
    A) Upright  |  B) Inverted  |  C) Spindle  |  D) Zero
25. Assertion (A): Productivity is low in deep sea ecosystems. Reason (R): Unavailability of light is the main limiting factor there.
    A) Both A and R are true, R is correct explanation  |  B) Both A and R are true, R is not correct explanation  |  C) Both false  |  D) R is true
26. Secondary productivity is rate of formation of new organic matter by?
    A) Producer  |  B) Consumers  |  C) Decomposer  |  D) None
27. Importance of Food Web?
    A) Provides stability to ecosystem  |  B) Gives alternative energy paths  |  C) Both A and B  |  D) No importance
28. What is formed during 'Humification' in decomposition?
    A) Soil  |  B) Humus (amorphous dark substance)  |  C) Stone  |  D) Oxygen
29. What if all organisms of a trophic level are killed?
    A) Next level gets no food  |  B) Lower level grows uncontrollably  |  C) Ecosystem balance disturbed  |  D) All of the above
30. Grass -> Grasshopper -> Frog -> Snake -> Eagle. Frog is?
    A) Primary consumer  |  B) Secondary consumer  |  C) Tertiary consumer  |  D) Producer
31. Approx annual NPP of entire biosphere?
    A) 100 billion tons  |  B) 170 billion tons  |  C) 50 billion tons  |  D) 200 billion tons
32. Despite covering 70% of Earth, ocean productivity is only?
    A) 55 billion tons  |  B) 170 billion tons  |  C) 10 billion tons  |  D) 100 billion tons
33. Meaning of Standing state?
    A) Amount of living matter  |  B) Amount of nutrients (N, P, Ca) in soil  |  C) Plant height  |  D) None
34. Pyramid of numbers in a tree ecosystem?
    A) Upright  |  B) Spindle shaped  |  C) Inverted  |  D) Urn shaped
35. Assertion (A): Herbivores have more energy available than carnivores. Reason (R): 90% energy is lost at each level of food chain.
    A) Both A and R are true  |  B) Only A is true  |  C) Only R is true  |  D) Both false
36. Correct order of decomposition steps?
    A) Fragmentation -> Leaching -> Catabolism -> Humification -> Mineralisation  |  B) Mineralisation -> Frag -> Leaching  |  C) Leaching -> Catabolism -> Frag  |  D) None
37. Major limitation of ecological pyramids?
    A) Don't show food web  |  B) Don't account for same species at different levels  |  C) No place for decomposers  |  D) All of the above
38. Main basis of Grazing Food Chain (GFC)?
    A) Solar energy  |  B) Dead matter  |  C) Bacteria  |  D) None
39. Functional unit of ecosystem does NOT include?
    A) Productivity  |  B) Decomposition  |  C) Stratification  |  D) Energy flow
40. Best method to measure biomass?
    A) Fresh weight  |  B) Dry weight  |  C) Total volume  |  D) None
41. How much PAR (Photosynthetically Active Radiation) is captured by plants?
    A) 1-5%  |  B) 2-10%  |  C) 50%  |  D) 100%
42. Correct order of trophic levels in a pond?
    A) Phytoplankton -> Zooplankton -> Small fish -> Big fish  |  B) Zooplankton -> Phytoplankton -> Fish  |  C) Fish -> Phytoplankton  |  D) None
43. Who performs 'Fragmentation' in decomposition?
    A) Fungi  |  B) Earthworm  |  C) Virus  |  D) Sunshine
44. Final product of Mineralisation?
    A) Humus  |  B) Inorganic nutrients (CO2, H2O, nutrients)  |  C) Protein  |  D) Fat
45. If producer level has 10,000 J, how much will tertiary consumer get?
    A) 1000 J  |  B) 100 J  |  C) 10 J  |  D) 1 J
46. Cycling of minerals in ecosystem is called?
    A) Geo-cycle  |  B) Biogeochemical cycles  |  C) Energy cycle  |  D) Water cycle
47. Primary Succession starts where?
    A) Bare rock or newly formed lava  |  B) Cut forest  |  C) Flooded field  |  D) Burnt forest
48. Characteristic of Climax community?
    A) It is transient  |  B) It is in equilibrium with environment  |  C) It changes rapidly  |  D) Has low diversity
49. Pioneer species in Xerarch succession?
    A) Grass  |  B) Lichens  |  C) Big trees  |  D) Shrubs
50. Final stage of Hydrarch succession?
    A) Marsh-meadow  |  B) Forest  |  C) Reed-swamp  |  D) Plankton
51. Max number of trophic levels usually possible in a food chain?
    A) 2-3  |  B) 4-5  |  C) 10-12  |  D) Infinite
52. Main reservoir for Phosphorus cycle?
    A) Atmosphere  |  B) Rocks  |  C) Ocean  |  D) Animals
53. Who tried to put a price tag on Ecosystem services?
    A) Robert Costanza  |  B) Odum  |  C) Mendel  |  D) Khurana
54. Main source of carbon in atmosphere?
    A) Photosynthesis  |  B) Respiration and fossil fuel combustion  |  C) Soil  |  D) Rocks
55. Example of Stratification?
    A) Vertical distribution of trees in forest  |  B) Digestion  |  C) Water flow  |  D) None
56. Part of biomass available for consumers?
    A) GPP  |  B) NPP  |  C) R  |  D) None
57. Entire sequence of communities during succession is?
    A) Sere  |  B) Climax  |  C) Pioneer  |  D) Habitat
58. Why is secondary succession faster than primary?
    A) Soil is already present  |  B) More water  |  C) Bigger organisms  |  D) None
59. Decomposition rate is slow if detritus is rich in:
    A) Nitrogen  |  B) Lignin and Chitin  |  C) Sugar  |  D) Moisture
60. What is Gross Primary Productivity (GPP)?
    A) Energy left after respiration  |  B) Total rate of organic matter production in photosynthesis  |  C) Energy made by consumers  |  D) None