7. Essential nutrients of plants
рдЗрд╕ рдкреЗрдЬ рдкрд░ рдЖрдкрдХреЛ 7. Essential nutrients of plants рдХреЗ рд╕рднреА рдорд╣рддреНрд╡рдкреВрд░реНрдг рдмрд╣реБрд╡рд┐рдХрд▓реНрдкреАрдп рдкреНрд░рд╢реНрди (MCQ), рдкрд░реАрдХреНрд╖рд╛ рдЙрдкрдпреЛрдЧреА рдиреЛрдЯреНрд╕ рдФрд░ рдСрдирд▓рд╛рдЗрди рдХреНрд╡рд┐рдЬрд╝ рдорд┐рд▓реЗрдВрдЧреЗред рдЕрдкрдиреЗ рдЬреНрдЮрд╛рди рдХрд╛ рдкрд░реАрдХреНрд╖рдг рдХрд░рдиреЗ рдФрд░ рдмреЛрд░реНрдб/рдкреНрд░рддрд┐рдпреЛрдЧреА рдкрд░реАрдХреНрд╖рд╛ рдореЗрдВ рд╢рдд-рдкреНрд░рддрд┐рд╢рдд рдЕрдВрдХ рдкреНрд░рд╛рдкреНрдд рдХрд░рдиреЗ рдХреЗ рд▓рд┐рдП рдиреАрдЪреЗ рджрд┐рдП рдЧрдП рдореЙрдХ рдЯреЗрд╕реНрдЯ рдореЗрдВ рдЕрд╡рд╢реНрдп рднрд╛рдЧ рд▓реЗрдВред
ЁЯСЙ рдЕрдзреНрдпрд╛рдп рдХрд╛ рд╕рд╛рд░рд╛рдВрд╢ (Summary)
Dear students, a very warm and enthusiastic welcome to this exceptionally important and highly informative chapter of Agriculture Chemistry titled 'Essential nutrients of plants'. We all know very well that to maintain a perfectly healthy, strong, and highly energetic physical body, we humans require a regular intake of highly nutritious food every single day. This daily balanced diet must compulsorily contain vital nutrients such as carbohydrates, premium proteins, essential vitamins, and various mineral salts. If our daily food continuously lacks even one crucial element, for instance, iron or calcium, we quickly become victims of severe malnutrition, profound weakness, or various dangerous deficiency diseases. In the exact same logical manner, the lush green crops and beautiful trees standing in our vast agricultural fields also desperately need proper, balanced nutrition to complete their overall physical development, ensure rapid healthy vegetative growth, and ultimately yield a bountiful, highly profitable harvest. They acquire this essential daily food primarily from the surrounding soil ecosystem, the atmospheric air, and irrigation water. This is exactly the fascinating core subject we will thoroughly understand and deeply analyze in this comprehensively detailed chapter.
Eminent agricultural scientists, specifically Arnon and Stout, have scientifically declared certain specific chemical elements as absolutely 'essential' for the survival of plants. Scientifically speaking, an essential nutrient is one without which a plant absolutely cannot complete its biological life cycle under any given environmental circumstance. Currently, modern science has successfully discovered exactly 17 essential plant nutrients. Based purely on the specific quantitative amount required by the growing plants, these vital elements have been broadly classified into two major categories: Macronutrients (which are required in massive quantities, such as Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Potassium) and Micronutrients (which are required in very minute trace amounts, such as Zinc, Iron, Copper, and Boron).
Let us try to grasp this complex concept using a very practical, everyday agricultural example from our surrounding rural environment. You must have frequently noticed in the agricultural fields that a lush, rapidly growing wheat or mustard crop sometimes suddenly starts turning a sickly pale yellow, and its overall physical growth abruptly stops. Highly experienced and aware farmers, upon seeing this specific condition, immediately broadcast Urea fertilizer (which contains an abundant amount of Nitrogen) over the affected field. Within just a few short days, the entire crop miraculously turns lush dark green once again. This is a very clear, textbook visible symptom of severe Nitrogen deficiency in the growing plants. In this extensively detailed chapter, we will conduct a highly rigorous scientific study of the specific physiological functions of each and every individual nutrient and the distinct visible symptoms that appear on the plants due to their critical deficiency, such as chlorosis or necrosis.
From the strict viewpoint of the highly competitive upcoming NCERT and RBSE board exams in 2027, this particular chapter is unequivocally the absolute backbone of your entire chemistry syllabus. In your main board examinations, numerous critical objective questions are frequently and directly asked regarding the primary physiological functions of Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Potash, and the specific visible symptoms associated with Zinc or Boron deficiency. Along with this, if you are passionately aspiring to build a spectacular and highly successful career in the vast agricultural sector and are rigorously preparing for top-tier national level entrance examinations like the JET exam or ICAR, then having absolutely crystal-clear concepts of this specific chapter is 100% mandatory for your final selection. In these tough competitive exams, tricky conceptual questions frequently arise concerning specific nutrient deficiency diseases, such as the famous Khaira disease of rice, and the intricate biochemical mechanisms of nutrient absorption by plant roots. To make your academic preparation absolutely foolproof, flawlessly strong, and remarkably excellent, we have meticulously designed a truly brilliant and highly interactive online test right here on our educational portal. Regularly practicing these carefully selected VVI multiple-choice questions (MCQs) will not only deepen your core subject knowledge but will also magically enhance your critical time management capabilities inside the intense examination hall.
Feature: This is a unique 3-Level based quiz. To unlock the next levels (Level 2 and 3), students must score at least 70% marks in the current level, which makes their board exam preparation 100% stronger.
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What are elements essential for plant growth and metabolism called?
A) Mineral elements | B) Nutrients | C) Essential elements | D) All of the above -
Which scientist gave the 'Criteria of Essentiality' for plant nutrients?
A) Arnon | B) Bateson | C) Saussure | D) Liebig -
How many essential plant nutrients are currently recognized?
A) 10 | B) 16 | C) 17 | D) 21 -
Which scientist discovered Carbon (C) and Hydrogen (H) as plant nutrients?
A) Saussure (1804) | B) Schasser | C) Liebig | D) Sprengel -
In what form do most plants primarily absorb Nitrogen (N)?
A) Ammonium | B) Nitrate (NO3-) | C) Nitrogen gas | D) Amide -
Which of the following is a 'Secondary Nutrient' for plants?
A) Nitrogen | B) Phosphorus | C) Magnesium (Mg) | D) Potassium -
Elements (C, H, O) that form the major part of plant structure are called:
A) Primary nutrients | B) Framework elements | C) Micro elements | D) Minor elements -
Deficiency of which nutrient causes 'Khaira' disease in rice?
A) Iron | B) Zinc (Zn) | C) Copper | D) Manganese -
Which is the most prominent factor affecting nutrient availability?
A) Soil pH | B) Air | C) Light | D) Seed quality -
Which nutrient is 'Immobile' in plants, showing deficiency symptoms on new leaves first?
A) Nitrogen | B) Phosphorus | C) Calcium (Ca) | D) Potassium -
Plants require Macro nutrients in amounts:
A) Less than 1 ppm | B) More than 1 ppm | C) Zero | D) Only 0.1 ppm -
Which scientist revised Arnon's second criteria of essentiality?
A) Saussure | B) D.J. Nicholas (1965) | C) Mendel | D) Khurana -
Which element is the main structural component of Chlorophyll in plants?
A) Iron | B) Calcium | C) Magnesium (Mg) | D) Sulphur -
Which scientist discovered Nitrogen?
A) Saussure | B) De Saussure (1804) | C) Priestley | D) Cavendish -
The scientist who discovered Phosphorus was:
A) Saussure | B) Liebig (1840) | C) Sprengel | D) Arld -
In which year was Potassium discovered by Sprengel?
A) 1804 | B) 1839 | C) 1840 | D) 1939 -
Excess of which nutrient reduces sugar content in sugarcane?
A) Nitrogen (N) | B) Phosphorus | C) Potassium | D) Calcium -
Which element increases oil content and aroma in oilseed crops?
A) Manganese | B) Sulphur | C) Iron | D) Zinc -
Plants taking nitrogen as nitrate is which type of absorption?
A) Active absorption | B) Absorption as anion | C) Both A and B | D) None -
Plants depend on which element for the growth of their terminal bud?
A) Nitrogen | B) Calcium (Ca) | C) Potassium | D) Sulphur -
Where do deficiency symptoms of highly mobile elements (like N, P, K) appear first?
A) New upper leaves | B) Lower old leaves | C) Stem | D) Fruit -
Which element acts as an oxygen carrier in respiration?
A) Iron (Fe) | B) Manganese | C) Zinc | D) Copper -
Deficiency of which nutrient causes reddish-brown irregular spots on Citrus fruits?
A) Copper (Cu) | B) Molybdenum | C) Boron | D) Magnesium -
Which element regulates the synthesis of 'Auxin' hormone in plants?
A) Calcium | B) Potassium | C) Zinc (Zn) | D) Iron -
Which element is considered a structural component of Chromosomes?
A) Nitrogen | B) Phosphorus | C) Calcium (Ca) | D) Magnesium -
Which nutrients are more available in acidic conditions (Low pH)?
A) Fe, Mn, Al | B) Ca, Mg, S | C) N, P, K | D) Mo, B -
Which nutrient is essential for the synthesis of Vitamin B12?
A) Copper | B) Iron | C) Cobalt (Co) | D) Zinc -
Deficiency of which element causes small and irregular cauliflower heads?
A) Nitrogen | B) Boron (B) | C) Copper | D) Iron -
Which element helps in increasing Vitamin A in plants?
A) Iron | B) Copper (Cu) | C) Zinc | D) Manganese -
The stage between nutrient deficiency and sufficiency where yield drops without symptoms:
A) Deficiency | B) Sufficiency | C) Critical level | D) Toxic level -
Which element overcomes the ill effects of excess nitrogen (like disease susceptibility)?
A) Phosphorus (P) | B) Calcium | C) Sulphur | D) Magnesium -
Which nutrient activates the Lipase enzyme?
A) Phosphorus | B) Potassium | C) Calcium (Ca) | D) Copper -
Deficiency of which nutrient prevents cotton bolls from opening properly?
A) Nitrogen | B) Phosphorus | C) Potassium (K) | D) Sulphur -
At which pH is the activity of soil microorganisms highest?
A) 4.0 | B) 6.5 to 7.5 | C) 9.0 | D) 1.0 -
Which element is considered essential for the synthesis of Vitamin C?
A) Zinc | B) Molybdenum (Mo) | C) Iron | D) Silicon -
Who primarily handles energy storage and transfer in plants?
A) Nitrogen | B) Phosphorus (P) | C) Calcium | D) Magnesium -
Which element is known as 'Energy Currency'?
A) N | B) P (Phosphorus) | C) K | D) S -
In which element's deficiency do leaf margins appear burned?
A) Nitrogen | B) Phosphorus | C) Potassium (K) | D) Zinc -
In which part of the plant do leaves turn yellow due to Iron deficiency?
A) New upper leaves | B) Old lower leaves | C) Middle leaves | D) None -
The 'Passive mechanism' of ion entry into plant roots depends on:
A) Energy expenditure | B) Concentration gradient and diffusion | C) Enzymes | D) Respiration only -
Which element increases sugar in sugarcane by reducing 'Invertase' activity?
A) Silicon (Si) | B) Copper | C) Boron | D) Manganese -
The 'Whip tail' symptom (mosquito-like yellowing) in Oats is related to:
A) Manganese (Mn) | B) Magnesium | C) Copper | D) Iron -
Which element is the main component of the 'Nitrate Reductase' enzyme in plants?
A) Iron | B) Manganese | C) Molybdenum (Mo) | D) Zinc -
Deficiency of which nutrient stops cell division and causes the terminal bud to die?
A) Nitrogen | B) Calcium (Ca) | C) Potassium | D) Magnesium -
Which element regulates the opening and closing of Stomata?
A) Phosphorus | B) Potassium (K) | C) Calcium | D) Iron -
Which nutrient is a structural component of genetic material (DNA/RNA)?
A) Nitrogen | B) Phosphorus (P) | C) Both A and B | D) Potassium -
Which element acts as a catalyst in the formation of Chloroplasts?
A) Calcium | B) Magnesium | C) Iron (Fe) | D) Sulphur -
In which nutrient's deficiency does 'Interveinal Chlorosis' occur while veins stay green?
A) Iron | B) Magnesium (Mg) | C) Calcium | D) Nitrogen -
For which element did D.J. Nicholas suggest the term 'Functional' instead of 'Essential'?
A) Phosphorus | B) Potassium | C) Sodium & Vanadium | D) Magnesium -
Deficiency of which element causes roots to rot and buds to distort?
A) Potassium | B) Boron (B) | C) Nitrogen | D) Sulphur -
The 'active acquisition' of nutrients by plants is against the:
A) Concentration gradient | B) Wind speed | C) Light | D) Soil depth -
The presence of 'Humus' in soil does what to nutrient availability?
A) Decreases | B) Increases | C) Keeps stable | D) Zeroes out -
Deficiency of which nutrient causes cereal crops to have few or empty grains?
A) Nitrogen | B) Phosphorus (P) | C) Magnesium | D) Calcium -
Which element participates in the Electron Transport System in plants?
A) Iron (Fe) | B) Copper (Cu) | C) Both A and B | D) Calcium -
Deficiency of which element shows 'V' shaped yellowing (Chlorosis) on old leaves?
A) Phosphorus | B) Nitrogen (N) | C) Potassium | D) Calcium -
Which element is necessary for nitrogen fixation in root nodules?
A) Iron | B) Molybdenum (Mo) | C) Manganese | D) Zinc -
Excess of which nutrient weakens the stem and causes crop lodging?
A) Phosphorus | B) Nitrogen (N) | C) Potassium | D) Sulphur -
Which element is an essential part of the Cytochrome enzyme?
A) Iron (Fe) | B) Copper | C) Zinc | D) Magnesium -
On what does the 'Mass Flow' concept of nutrient uptake depend?
A) Diffusion | B) Transpirational pull | C) Respiration | D) Light -
In which nutrient's deficiency does 'Browning' disease occur in Cauliflower?
A) Manganese | B) Boron (B) | C) Zinc | D) Iron
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