6.Acid and salt affected soil
рдЗрд╕ рдкреЗрдЬ рдкрд░ рдЖрдкрдХреЛ 6.Acid and salt affected soil рдХреЗ рд╕рднреА рдорд╣рддреНрд╡рдкреВрд░реНрдг рдмрд╣реБрд╡рд┐рдХрд▓реНрдкреАрдп рдкреНрд░рд╢реНрди (MCQ), рдкрд░реАрдХреНрд╖рд╛ рдЙрдкрдпреЛрдЧреА рдиреЛрдЯреНрд╕ рдФрд░ рдСрдирд▓рд╛рдЗрди рдХреНрд╡рд┐рдЬрд╝ рдорд┐рд▓реЗрдВрдЧреЗред рдЕрдкрдиреЗ рдЬреНрдЮрд╛рди рдХрд╛ рдкрд░реАрдХреНрд╖рдг рдХрд░рдиреЗ рдФрд░ рдмреЛрд░реНрдб/рдкреНрд░рддрд┐рдпреЛрдЧреА рдкрд░реАрдХреНрд╖рд╛ рдореЗрдВ рд╢рдд-рдкреНрд░рддрд┐рд╢рдд рдЕрдВрдХ рдкреНрд░рд╛рдкреНрдд рдХрд░рдиреЗ рдХреЗ рд▓рд┐рдП рдиреАрдЪреЗ рджрд┐рдП рдЧрдП рдореЙрдХ рдЯреЗрд╕реНрдЯ рдореЗрдВ рдЕрд╡рд╢реНрдп рднрд╛рдЧ рд▓реЗрдВред
ЁЯСЙ рдЕрдзреНрдпрд╛рдп рдХрд╛ рд╕рд╛рд░рд╛рдВрд╢ (Summary)
Dear students, a very warm, enthusiastic, and highly focused welcome to this extremely practical, fundamentally vital, and purely problem-solving-oriented chapter of Agriculture Chemistry titled 'Acid and salt affected soil'. In all of our previous, highly detailed chapters, we had extensively and thoroughly studied the various positive characteristics, ideal properties, and structural components of normal, highly fertile, and healthy agricultural soils. However, unfortunately, the harsh ground reality is that a tremendously large geographical portion of our great country's total agricultural land is currently suffering from severe chemical degradation. This massive area is afflicted with highly problematic soils that are essentially 'sick', totally degraded, and in which our valuable commercial crops absolutely fail to grow properly or produce any meaningful yield. In this comprehensive and deeply analytical chapter, we will conduct a very profound, strict, and highly scientific study regarding this severe, widespread illness of the soil ecosystem and its exact, effective scientific treatments.
Let us try to grasp the massive severity of this complex agricultural problem using a very direct, simple, and relatable practical example from our daily rural lives. Have you ever closely observed the vast agricultural fields located near your local village, or perhaps the low-lying lands situated immediately adjacent to large, continuously flowing irrigation canals? During the intense, scorching hot summer months, you might have frequently noticed a strange, thick, white, powder-like crust mysteriously forming and solidly settling over the top surface of the dry barren land. To a normal observer, it looks exactly like a thick layer of common white salt scattered everywhere. In scientific reality, that white crust actually is a massive accumulation of highly toxic soluble salts, and such severely degraded, totally unproductive land is scientifically termed as 'Saline soil' or salt-affected soil. Just as a human being becomes incredibly weak, physically lethargic, and entirely incapable of doing any heavy physical work when suffering from a severe high-grade fever, in the exact same logical manner, when the agricultural soil becomes excessively Acidic or dangerously highly Saline, it is considered to be terribly 'sick'. It becomes entirely incapable of providing the essential life-sustaining nutrition and necessary hydration to the growing plant roots. In high-altitude mountainous regions and vast coastal areas that experience extremely heavy and continuous rainfall, the vital basic elements present naturally inside the soil, such as essential Calcium and Magnesium, quickly dissolve in the abundant rainwater and are heavily leached down deep into the lower groundwater layers. This rapid leaching drastically lowers the pH, inevitably causing the topsoil to become highly Acidic. On the exact opposite side of the spectrum, in arid and semi-arid geographical regions where the annual rainfall is extremely low and the summer heat is blisteringly intense (such as our very own state of Rajasthan), the limited soil water rapidly evaporates into the hot atmosphere. However, the heavy, toxic chemical salts do not evaporate; they are left behind and slowly accumulate heavily on the uppermost surface of the soil, leading to the terrifying and massive formation of Saline and Sodic (alkaline) soils.
In this extensively detailed chapter, we will conduct a highly rigorous and profoundly scientific study of the primary underlying causes responsible for the massive formation of these problematic acidic, saline, and alkaline soils. We will also meticulously learn exactly how these terribly degraded soils exert a horrifyingly negative and destructive impact on the overall physical growth of the plants, the crucial initial process of seed germination, and the delicate biological mechanism of Osmosis occurring within the plant root cells. However, to become a truly successful, highly competent agricultural expert or a visionary modern farmer, merely identifying the core problem is never enough; discovering and implementing the exact, correct scientific solution is the absolute most important task. Therefore, we will read very extensively about the highly effective Chemical Reclamation and precise management of these degraded soils. It is a highly critical and frequently asked scientific fact in both competitive and board examinations that to successfully reclaim and cure Acidic soils, large quantities of agricultural Lime (Calcium Carbonate) are strategically used, whereas to effectively reclaim and cure dangerous Alkaline soils, heavy amounts of agricultural Gypsum are systematically applied to the fields.
From the strict and highly focused perspective of the upcoming NCERT and RBSE board exams in 2027, this entire comprehensive chapter is arguably the absolute heart and soul of your chemistry syllabus. Every single year in the main final board examinations, a massive plethora of highly important objective questions are compulsorily asked regarding the exact scientific classification of these degraded soils, the various complex chemical measures used for their successful reclamation, and the specific identification of highly salt-tolerant agricultural crops. Along with this, if you truly desire to achieve a spectacular, top-tier rank in India's leading agricultural competitive entrance exams like the JET exam and ICAR, you must deeply understand the intricate chemical reactions of Gypsum and Lime inside the soil ecosystem, rather than merely memorizing them blindly. To perfectly fulfill this exact academic requirement of yours and to make your preparation 100% flawless, we have meticulously prepared a truly magnificent and extraordinarily high-level online test right here on the 'HR CHEM STUDY' educational portal. Continuously practicing these highly selected VVI multiple-choice questions (MCQs) will make all your core concepts absolutely crystal clear, ensuring you enter the examination hall with unbeatable confidence.
Feature: This is a unique 3-Level based quiz. To unlock the next levels (Level 2 and 3), students must score at least 70% marks in the current level, which makes their board exam preparation 100% stronger.
рдорд╣рддреНрд╡рдкреВрд░реНрдг рдкреНрд░рд╢реНрди (Important Questions)
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*рдиреЛрдЯ: рдпрд╣ рд╕реЗрдХреНрд╢рди рд░рд┐рд╡реАрдЬрди рдХреЗ рд▓рд┐рдП рд╣реИред рдЕрдкрдирд╛ рдЬреНрдЮрд╛рди рдкрд░рдЦрдиреЗ рдХреЗ рд▓рд┐рдП рдКрдкрд░ рджрд┐рдП рдЧрдП рдХреНрд╡рд┐рдЬрд╝ рдореЗрдВ рднрд╛рдЧ рд▓реЗрдВред
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What is the pH value of Acidic Soils?
A) Above 7 | B) Below 7 | C) Exactly 7 | D) 14 -
Acidic soils are mostly found in regions with which type of climate?
A) Arid | B) Semi-arid | C) Humid | D) Desert -
What is the standard unit for measuring Electrical Conductivity (EC)?
A) m/s | B) dS/m (Decisiemens per meter) | C) Cmol/kg | D) m/kg -
Where is the Central Soil Salinity Research Institute (CSSRI) located?
A) New Delhi | B) Dehradun | C) Karnal (Haryana) | D) Shimla -
What is the correct chemical formula for Gypsum?
A) CaSO4.10H2O | B) CaSO4.2H2O | C) CaSO4 | D) MgSO4 -
What is the full form of ESP?
A) Exchangeable Sodium Percentage | B) Electric Power | C) Soil Phosphorus | D) Sodium Ratio -
What are salt-affected soils locally called in Rajasthan?
A) Chaupan | B) Khari (or Reh) | C) Chodu | D) Yellow soil -
How many main types of soil acidity are there?
A) One | B) Two (Active and Potential) | C) Four | D) Five -
What is Slaked Lime chemically?
A) Calcium oxide | B) Calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2] | C) Calcium carbonate | D) Gypsum -
Which element becomes more soluble in acidic soil, causing toxic effects?
A) Nitrogen | B) Aluminum (Al) | C) Potassium | D) Calcium -
What is the primary natural cause for the formation of Saline Soil?
A) High rainfall | B) Low rainfall and intense evaporation | C) Excess manure | D) Cold -
What is the full form of SAR?
A) Sodium Absorption Ratio | B) Sodium Adsorption Ratio | C) Soil Acid Rate | D) None -
What is the percentage of Calcium (Ca) in Gypsum?
A) 18.6% | B) 23.2% | C) 5.8% | D) 46% -
In how many million hectares are acidic soils found in India?
A) 6.73 | B) 25 | C) 90 million hectares | D) 159 -
What is the simplest physical method to reclaim saline soils?
A) Adding lime | B) Leaching | C) Adding gypsum | D) Burning soil -
Which type of soil is called 'White Alkali'?
A) Alkaline soil | B) Saline Soil | C) Acidic soil | D) Neutral soil -
Pyrite is used in the field to reclaim which type of soil?
A) Acidic | B) Calcareous Sodic Soil | C) Sandy | D) None -
In which place in Rajasthan are huge deposits of Pyrite found?
A) Khetri | B) Saladipura (Sikar) | C) Jaipur | D) Suratgarh -
As the concentration of salts in soil increases, water absorption by plant roots:
A) Increases | B) Decreases | C) Remains same | D) Zeroes out -
Which acid-producing substance is used for reclaiming alkaline soil?
A) Lime | B) Pyrite | C) Phosphogypsum | D) Both B and C -
Plants turning yellow and drying despite excess water is a primary symptom of which soil?
A) Acidic | B) Alkaline | C) Saline Soil | D) Neutral -
Who first used gypsum in India (1905)?
A) V.V. Dokuchaev | B) J.W. Leather | C) Dr. Swaminathan | D) Loss -
What is the nature of soil formed from parent materials like quartz and silica?
A) Alkaline | B) Acidic | C) Neutral | D) Saline -
What is the typical value for Gypsum Requirement (GR)?
A) 1-2 tons/ha | B) 5 to 12 tons/hectare | C) 20-25 tons/ha | D) 50 tons -
What is the approximate content of Sulphur in Pyrite?
A) 10-15% | B) 22 to 32 percent | C) 50% | D) 5% -
What is the pH of Dhaincha cell sap, which helps reduce alkalinity?
A) 7.0 | B) 4.0 (Acidic) | C) 9.0 | D) 1.2 -
An EC of 1 dS/m means how many grams per liter of salt are dissolved in irrigation water?
A) 0.64 g/L | B) 6.4 g/L | C) 64 g/L | D) 1.0 g/L -
The availability of which ions increases in acidic soils?
A) Na, Ca, Mg | B) Al, Mn, Fe | C) N, P, K | D) B, Mo, S -
Excess of which element in alkaline soils becomes toxic to plants?
A) Calcium | B) Iron | C) Boron | D) Manganese -
Why should a field not be flooded immediately after applying Pyrite?
A) It evaporates | B) Its oxidation decreases | C) It solidifies | D) None -
Why should acid-producing substances not be applied to non-calcareous sodic soils?
A) Soil becomes saline | B) Calcium deficiency occurs | C) pH increases further | D) Soil becomes hard -
What happens to soil pH during the 'Degradation' phase?
A) pH increases | B) pH decreases | C) pH becomes 14 | D) No effect -
What does the 'Regradation' process mean?
A) Removal of salts | B) Re-accumulation of bases and sodium increase | C) Soil becomes fertile | D) Adding lime -
How is the CEC of acidic soils generally?
A) Very high | B) Low | C) Infinite | D) Zero -
Continuous use of nitrogenous fertilizers makes soil:
A) Alkaline | B) Neutral | C) Acidic | D) Saline -
The main soil amendment obtained from iron and coal mines is:
A) Gypsum | B) Pyrite | C) Sulphur | D) Limestone -
Which scientist gave 4 stages of saline and alkaline soil formation?
A) Joffe | B) De' Sigmond | C) Kelley | D) Jenny -
What is the EC of saline soils?
A) Less than 4 dS/m | B) Greater than 4 dS/m | C) Zero | D) Only 1 -
What is the effect of adding Lime on microbial activity?
A) Activity decreases | B) Activity increases | C) No effect | D) Bacteria die -
What is the main reason for low seed germination in salt-affected soils?
A) Lack of air | B) High Osmotic Pressure | C) Excess water | D) Temperature -
What is the cause of 'Active Acidity' in acidic soils?
A) Adsorbed ions | B) H+ ions in soil solution | C) Humus | D) Clay minerals -
What is the correct criterion for Saline-Sodic Soil?
A) EC > 4, pH < 8.5, ESP < 15 | B) EC > 4, pH > 8.5, ESP > 15 | C) EC > 4, pH < 8.5, ESP > 15 | D) EC < 4, pH > 8.5, ESP > 15 -
Which element is the basis for calculating gypsum purity?
A) Sodium | B) Magnesium | C) Calcium (Ca) | D) Potassium -
Which scientist stated that the sequence of salt formation stages can be reversed?
A) De' Sigmond | B) Kelley | C) Dokuchaev | D) Sorensen -
How is 'Potato Scab' disease in acidic soil?
A) Increases | B) Decreases | C) No change | D) Potato dies -
What is the Exchangeable Sodium Percentage (ESP) in sodic soil?
A) Less than 15 | B) Greater than 15 | C) Only 5 | D) Zero -
Loss of soil nitrate by conversion into gaseous nitrogen is called:
A) Nitrification | B) Denitrification | C) Ammonification | D) Mineralization -
What is the approximate content of Sulphur in Gypsum?
A) 10% | B) 18.6 percent | C) 32% | D) 2% -
How many lakh hectares are salt-affected in Rajasthan?
A) 1.50 | B) 3.74 lakh hectares | C) 10.0 | D) 7.23 -
What is finally formed by the oxidation of pyrite in soil that reacts with lime?
A) Salt | B) Sulphuric acid (H2SO4) | C) Water | D) Sodium hydroxide -
What is the typical pH value of Sodic Soils?
A) Less than 7.0 | B) Above 8.5 (8.5 - 10.0) | C) Only 7 | D) 4.0 -
Exchangeable Acidity in soil is primarily due to which ions?
A) Ca and Mg | B) H and Al ions (adsorbed on colloids) | C) Na and K | D) Only Cl -
Why is 'Flushing' necessary after applying gypsum?
A) To lower temp | B) To wash out displaced sodium sulfate salts | C) To bathe plants | D) None -
As a soil amendment, 'Phosphogypsum' is a by-product of:
A) Iron industry | B) Phosphoric acid industry | C) Cement industry | D) Dairy -
What is the main reason for poor physical condition in sodic soil?
A) Granular soil | B) Dispersion of clay particles | C) Air increase | D) Water drying -
Which is the most suitable sowing method in saline soils?
A) Flat bed | B) On the side of ridges | C) In pits | D) In air -
What is mandatory for the Leaching process in soil?
A) Salt | B) Good Drainage | C) Stone | D) Black soil -
What happens to 'Phosphorus' availability after adding Lime to acidic soils?
A) Decreases | B) Increases | C) Zeroes out | D) Remains stable -
What happens in the 'Regradation' phase of salt-affected soil formation?
A) Soil becomes fertile | B) Salts re-accumulate | C) Calcium increases | D) None -
What is the chemical formula for Pyrite?
A) CaSO4 | B) FeS2 | C) NaCl | D) CaCO3
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