8. Causes, Symptoms and control of important fruit disease

*नोट: यह सेक्शन रिवीजन के लिए है। अपना ज्ञान परखने के लिए ऊपर दिए गए क्विज़ में भाग लें।

1. Main symptom of Citrus Gummosis:
   A) Yellowing leaves  |  B) Exudation of gum from stem bark  |  C) Root drying  |  D) Fruit drop
2. Causal fungus of Citrus Gummosis:
   A) Phytophthora species  |  B) Alternaria  |  C) Fusarium  |  D) None
3. Anthracnose of mango is caused by:
   A) Colletotrichum gloeosporioides  |  B) Fusarium  |  C) Claviceps  |  D) None
4. Appearance of inflorescence in Mango Malformation:
   A) Long  |  B) Dense, short and fleshy cluster  |  C) White powdery  |  D) Dry
5. Paste applied on stem for Citrus Gummosis control:
   A) Urea  |  B) Bordeaux Paste  |  C) Salt  |  D) Soil
6. Appearance of Anthracnose spots on mango leaves:
   A) White  |  B) Brown-black and irregular  |  C) Yellow  |  D) Blue
7. Insect (Mite) helping in spread of Mango Malformation:
   A) White fly  |  B) Mango Bud Mite  |  C) Locust  |  D) Bee
8. Citrus disease that increases with poor drainage:
   A) Canker  |  B) Gummosis  |  C) Mosaic  |  D) None
9. Anthracnose of mango spreads more in which season?
   A) Dry summer  |  B) High humidity and rain  |  C) Extreme cold  |  D) Always
10. Condition of stem bark in Gummosis:
    A) Smooth  |  B) Rotting and cracking  |  C) Green  |  D) Hard
11. Dose of Naphthalene Acetic Acid (NAA) for malformation management:
    A) 10 ppm  |  B) 200 ppm  |  C) 1000 ppm  |  D) 50 ppm
12. Method to prevent water accumulation around citrus plants:
    A) Open method  |  B) Ring method  |  C) Flood method  |  D) None
13. Effective fungicide for Mango Anthracnose:
    A) Bordeaux mixture or Mancozeb  |  B) Urea  |  C) Gypsum  |  D) Salt
14. What is not formed in malformed inflorescence?
    A) Leaves  |  B) Fruits  |  C) Branches  |  D) Root
15. Final result for a plant affected by Gummosis:
    A) Grows fast  |  B) Slowly dries and dies  |  C) Stays green  |  D) None
16. Form in which Gummosis fungus survives in soil:
    A) Spores  |  B) Oospores or mycelium  |  C) Egg  |  D) None
17. Effect of Anthracnose on mango storage:
    A) Fruits sweeten  |  B) Black spots and rotting  |  C) Fruits don't ripen  |  D) None
18. Where was Mango Malformation first discovered in India?
    A) Bihar (1891)  |  B) Rajasthan  |  C) Punjab  |  D) Tamil Nadu
19. Ratio of copper sulfate and lime in Bordeaux paste for Gummosis:
    A) 1:1 (or 1:2:10)  |  B) 5:5  |  C) 10:10  |  D) None
20. Primary infection source of Colletotrichum fungus:
    A) Air  |  B) Infected twigs and fallen leaves  |  C) Pure water  |  D) Insect
21. What happens in 'Vegetative Malformation' of mango?
    A) Flowers grow  |  B) Cluster of small leaves at shoot tip  |  C) Root rot  |  D) None
22. Suitable temperature range for Citrus Gummosis:
    A) 10°C  |  B) 24°C - 28°C  |  C) 40°C  |  D) 0°C
23. Applied after pruning infected mango twigs:
    A) Urea  |  B) Bordeaux paste  |  C) Salt  |  D) Soil
24. Biological management for malformation in October:
    A) Adding manure  |  B) De-blossoming (breaking clusters)  |  C) Excess irrigation  |  D) None
25. Action to protect citrus main stem from soil contact:
    A) Soil covering  |  B) Mounding (soil pile at base)  |  C) Stem pruning  |  D) None
26. Anthracnose spores spread via air and:
    A) Birds  |  B) Rain splashes  |  C) Soil  |  D) Insect
27. Resistant variety example for malformation control:
    A) Dashehari  |  B) Elaichi or Bhadauran  |  C) Chausa  |  D) None
28. Extent of bark rot in severe Gummosis:
    A) Top part only  |  B) Up to Bud union  |  C) Leaves only  |  D) None
29. Frequency of spraying for Mango Anthracnose:
    A) Once a year  |  B) 2-3 times at 15-day intervals  |  C) Daily  |  D) Never
30. Full name of 'Fusarium' fungus causing malformation:
    A) Fusarium moniliforme  |  B) Fusarium oxysporum  |  C) Fusarium solani  |  D) None
31. Another name for Citrus Gummosis is:
    A) Foot Rot  |  B) Leaf curl  |  C) Canker  |  D) Mosaic
32. Type of parasite is Mango Anthracnose fungus:
    A) Total parasite  |  B) Saprophyte & facultative parasite  |  C) Air-dwelling  |  D) None
33. Main cause for 'Hormonal Imbalance' in Mango Malformation:
    A) Ethylene deficiency  |  B) Excess of Mangiferin and Mangiferolic acid  |  C) Auxin deficiency  |  D) None
34. How do Phytophthora Zoospores move in Gummosis?
    A) Air  |  B) Swimming in water (via Flagella)  |  C) Soil  |  D) Insect
35. Shape of spots on Anthracnose infected mangoes:
    A) Round  |  B) Tear stain pattern  |  C) Long  |  D) None
36. Month to spray 'NAA' for mango malformation control:
    A) June  |  B) October  |  C) December  |  D) March
37. Resistant Rootstock of citrus against Gummosis:
    A) Sour Lime  |  B) Trifoliate Orange  |  C) Kagzi Lime  |  D) None
38. Where does the fruiting body (Acervulus) of Anthracnose fungus form?
    A) Inside leaf  |  B) On leaf surface as black dots  |  C) In root  |  D) In air
39. Transition of buds in floral malformation:
    A) Into fruit  |  B) Into clusters of fleshy green buds  |  C) Into black powder  |  D) None
40. Applied after removing infected bark in Gummosis:
    A) Urea  |  B) Bordeaux paste  |  C) Salt  |  D) Water
41. Drying of young mango twigs from top downwards is:
    A) Die-back  |  B) Leaf blight  |  C) Mosaic  |  D) None
42. Mite responsible for malformation is:
    A) Eriophyes mangiferae  |  B) White fly  |  C) Aphid  |  D) None
43. Recommended spacing between citrus plants for Gummosis prevention:
    A) Very little  |  B) Proper and airy spacing  |  C) Very close  |  D) None
44. Appearance of Mango Anthracnose spores (Conidia):
    A) Multicellular  |  B) Unicellular and hyaline (colorless)  |  C) Black  |  D) Spiny
45. Status of Pollen and Nectar in malformed inflorescence:
    A) Abundant  |  B) Absent or very low (so no insects)  |  C) Normal  |  D) Sweet