2. Biotechnology: Definition, Brief History, Importance and Tissue Culture

*नोट: यह सेक्शन रिवीजन के लिए है। अपना ज्ञान परखने के लिए ऊपर दिए गए क्विज़ में भाग लें।

1. The word Biotechnology is a combination of which two words?
   A) Biology + Physics  |  B) Biology + Technology  |  C) Chemistry + Technology  |  D) Botany + Zoology
2. The ability of a cell to develop into a whole plant is called:
   A) Polyploidy  |  B) Totipotency  |  C) Differentiation  |  D) Regeneration
3. What is the part of the plant used for tissue culture called?
   A) Explant  |  B) Callus  |  C) Embryo  |  D) Root
4. The mass of unorganized and undifferentiated cells formed in tissue culture is called:
   A) Explant  |  B) Callus  |  C) Embryo  |  D) Seed
5. In Bt. Cotton, what does 'Bt' stand for?
   A) Biotechnology  |  B) Bacillus thuringiensis (Bacterium)  |  C) Back Treatment  |  D) Bio-Technology
6. Which was the first transgenic plant developed using biotechnology?
   A) Cotton  |  B) Tobacco  |  C) Maize  |  D) Rice
7. The process of making the culture medium free from microbes is called:
   A) Privateering  |  B) Inoculation  |  C) Sterilization  |  D) Sub-culturing
8. What is primarily present in the synthetic nutrient medium for tissue culture?
   A) Inorganic salts  |  B) Vitamins and sugars  |  C) Plant hormones  |  D) All of the above
9. Bt-gene is effective against which insect order?
   A) Lepidoptera  |  B) Mosquito  |  C) Fly  |  D) Grasshopper
10. What does 'In vitro culture' mean?
    A) Growing in the field  |  B) Growing in glass vessels under controlled conditions  |  C) Growing in air  |  D) Growing in soil
11. Which vitamin is abundant in Golden Rice?
    A) Vitamin C  |  B) Vitamin A (Beta-carotene)  |  C) Vitamin D  |  D) Vitamin B12
12. Transferring pieces of callus to a fresh medium is called:
    A) Inoculation  |  B) Sub-culturing  |  C) Differentiation  |  D) Sterilization
13. Who is known as the 'Natural Genetic Engineer' in plant genetic engineering?
    A) E. coli  |  B) Agrobacterium tumefaciens  |  C) Bacillus  |  D) Virus
14. Who is credited with starting the tissue culture technique?
    A) Haberlandt (1902)  |  B) Mendel  |  C) Watson  |  D) Maheshwari
15. The toxic protein in Bt-cotton affects which part of the insect?
    A) Respiratory tract  |  B) Alimentary canal  |  C) Nervous system  |  D) Reproductive system
16. Who first proposed the theory of Totipotency?
    A) Steward  |  B) Haberlandt  |  C) White  |  D) Guha
17. What is the main function of 'Agar-agar' in the nutrient medium?
    A) Nutrition  |  B) Solidifying agent  |  C) Provide hormones  |  D) pH control
18. Which hormone excess is required for root formation (Rooting) in tissue culture?
    A) Cytokinin  |  B) Auxin  |  C) Gibberellin  |  D) Abscisic acid
19. Sweet potato variety '81-K' was developed using which technique?
    A) Hybridization  |  B) Somaclonal variation  |  C) Mutation  |  D) Introduction
20. The plasmid found in Agrobacterium that causes tumors is:
    A) pBR322  |  B) Ti-plasmid  |  C) Ri-plasmid  |  D) F-plasmid
21. Immature Embryo Culture helps in saving:
    A) Water  |  B) Breeding cycle time  |  C) Soil  |  D) Hormones
22. Why is the Cry protein in Bt-cotton activated in the insect's stomach?
    A) Acidic medium  |  B) Alkaline pH  |  C) Temperature  |  D) Moisture
23. The equipment used for sterilized air flow in a tissue culture room is:
    A) Autoclave  |  B) Laminar Air Flow  |  C) Centrifuge  |  D) Inkubator
24. In Somatic Embryogenesis, the embryo develops from:
    A) Zygote  |  B) Somatic cells  |  C) Pollen grain  |  D) Egg cell
25. Which crop variety is 'Flavr Savr'?
    A) Potato  |  B) Tomato  |  C) Eggplant  |  D) Maize
26. Which filter is installed in Laminar Air Flow to prevent air contamination?
    A) HEPA filter  |  B) Water filter  |  C) Cotton filter  |  D) None
27. What are 'Molecular Scissors' in biotechnology?
    A) Ligase  |  B) Restriction Endonuclease  |  C) Polymerase  |  D) RNAse
28. What is the general pH of the nutrient medium?
    A) 4.0  |  B) 5.6 to 5.8  |  C) 8.0  |  D) 1.0
29. Why was the first transgenic maize created?
    A) For high yield  |  B) For herbicide and pest resistance  |  C) To change color  |  D) Salt tolerance
30. What is used for Surface Sterilization of explants?
    A) Sodium hypochlorite or HgCl2  |  B) Pure water  |  C) Kerosene  |  D) Sugar solution
31. Who first obtained haploid plants through Anther Culture?
    A) Guha & Maheshwari (1964)  |  B) Haberlandt  |  C) Steward  |  D) White
32. What is the approximate size of transferred T-DNA?
    A) 24 bp  |  B) 23 kb  |  C) 25 kb  |  D) 100 bp
33. From which bacterium are the Barnase and Barstar genes obtained?
    A) Bacillus amyloliquefaciens  |  B) E. coli  |  C) Agrobacterium  |  D) Rhizobium
34. Who started embryo culture in 1904?
    A) E. Hanning  |  B) Laibach  |  C) Bergen  |  D) Guha
35. What pressure and temperature are maintained in an Autoclave for sterilization?
    A) 10 psi, 100°C  |  B) 15 psi, 121°C  |  C) 20 psi, 150°C  |  D) 5 psi, 80°C
36. If cytokinin concentration is higher than auxin in the medium, what develops?
    A) Root  |  B) Shoot  |  C) Only callus  |  D) Flower
37. The part of Ti-plasmid that integrates into the plant genome is:
    A) T-DNA  |  B) R-DNA  |  C) Ri-DNA  |  D) P-DNA
38. Which part of the plant is cultured to obtain virus-free plants?
    A) Root  |  B) Meristem  |  C) Leaf  |  D) Endosperm
39. The process of organ formation from callus is called:
    A) Regeneration  |  B) Organogenesis  |  C) Both A and B  |  D) None
40. What is the use of 'Super bug' in biotechnology?
    A) Farming  |  B) Oil pollution remediation  |  C) Medicine production  |  D) Killing pests
41. What type of plants are obtained from Endosperm culture?
    A) Haploid  |  B) Diploid  |  C) Triploid  |  D) Polyploid
42. Enzymes used to remove cell walls in Protoplast Culture are:
    A) Cellulase and Pectinase  |  B) Amylase  |  C) Lipase  |  D) Protease
43. Which enzyme is the 'Molecular Glue' used to join DNA fragments?
    A) Polymerase  |  B) Ligase  |  C) Helicase  |  D) Nuclease
44. What does Bt Toxin produce in the midgut epithelial cells of the insect?
    A) Color  |  B) Pores  |  C) Energy  |  D) Protein
45. What is the main function of the 'Hirudin' protein produced via biotechnology?
    A) Killing pests  |  B) Preventing blood clotting  |  C) Increasing vitamins  |  D) Flavor enhancement