1. Plant Breeding: Definition, Objectives & Methods

*नोट: यह सेक्शन रिवीजन के लिए है। अपना ज्ञान परखने के लिए ऊपर दिए गए क्विज़ में भाग लें।

1. What is the primary objective of Plant Breeding?
   A) To kill plants  |  B) To develop varieties with improved genetic traits  |  C) Only irrigation  |  D) To change soil color
2. Who propounded the Pure line theory in 1903?
   A) Mendel  |  B) Johannsen  |  C) Nilsson-Ehle  |  D) Darwin
3. Bringing wild species under human management for cultivation is called:
   A) Breeding  |  B) Domestication  |  C) Selection  |  D) Hybridization
4. Which is the oldest and simplest method of plant breeding?
   A) Hybridization  |  B) Selection  |  C) Mutation  |  D) Polyploidy
5. Growing a plant variety in a new environment away from its place of origin is called:
   A) Domestication  |  B) Plant Introduction  |  C) Acclimatization  |  D) Quarantine
6. What is the full form of IARI?
   A) International Agricultural Research Institute  |  B) Indian Agricultural Research Institute  |  C) Indian Animal Research Institute  |  D) None
7. Where is the headquarters of NBPGR (National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources) located?
   A) New Delhi  |  B) Jodhpur  |  C) Mumbai  |  D) Chennai
8. A cross between different plants of the same variety is called:
   A) Intravarietal cross  |  B) Interspecific  |  C) Intergeneric  |  D) None
9. Which was the first hybrid variety of cotton developed in India?
   A) H-4  |  B) Varalakshmi  |  C) Maru-1  |  D) Ganga-1
10. The breeding method in which progeny is obtained from a single plant by self-pollination:
    A) Mass selection  |  B) Pure line selection  |  C) Hybridization  |  D) Multiple cross
11. The objective of plant breeding where a crop matures in less time:
    A) High yield  |  B) Early maturity  |  C) Quality improvement  |  D) Disease resistance
12. In which year did Mendel propound the laws of inheritance?
    A) 1856  |  B) 1900  |  C) 1903  |  D) 1950
13. The legal restriction to protect plants from diseases during plant introduction is called:
    A) Acclimatization  |  B) Plant Quarantine  |  C) Domestication  |  D) Hybridization
14. Which is an example of self-pollinated crops?
    A) Pearl millet  |  B) Wheat and Rice  |  C) Maize  |  D) Sugarcane
15. The method of plant breeding in which genetic changes are induced artificially:
    A) Mutation Breeding  |  B) Pure line  |  C) Domestication  |  D) None
16. According to Vavilov, a 'Primary Centre of Origin' is where:
    A) Crop was first sold  |  B) Maximum genetic diversity of the species is found  |  C) Rainfall is low  |  D) Only hybrid varieties are found
17. The entire collection of all the alleles of all the genes of a crop is called:
    A) Genotype  |  B) Gene Pool  |  C) Genome  |  D) Gene Bank
18. What is the main objective of a Back Cross?
    A) To create a new variety  |  B) To transfer a specific trait  |  C) To increase yield  |  D) None
19. In which type of crops is Self-incompatibility found?
    A) Self-pollinated  |  B) Cross-pollinated  |  C) All of them  |  D) Only fungi
20. Multiple Cross is primarily used in which type of crops?
    A) Self-pollinated  |  B) Cross-pollinated  |  C) Vegetables  |  D) Spices
21. Varieties developed by the Mass Selection method are:
    A) Exactly identical  |  B) Genetically diverse (Heterogeneous)  |  C) Zero diversity  |  D) None
22. What is the meaning of Acclimatization?
    A) To kill the plant  |  B) Adapting to a new environment  |  C) Drying seeds  |  D) Cutting roots
23. In which breeding method is the 'F1' generation crossed with either of its parents?
    A) Top cross  |  B) Back Cross  |  C) Test cross  |  D) Multiple cross
24. What is the benefit of 'Disease Resistant' varieties developed by plant breeding?
    A) Reduced expenditure on medicines  |  B) Stability in yield  |  C) Both A and B  |  D) No benefit
25. Inbreeding Depression is primarily observed in which crops?
    A) Self-pollinated  |  B) Cross-pollinated  |  C) Both  |  D) None
26. What should be the basis of Selection for it to be successful?
    A) Only external appearance  |  B) Genetic Variation  |  C) Soil fertility  |  D) Irrigation
27. Releasing a plant variety for cultivation directly under a new name is called:
    A) Primary Introduction  |  B) Secondary Introduction  |  C) Selection  |  D) Hybridization
28. The 'Nobilization of Sugarcane' (referred as Wheat in context error) in India is related to:
    A) Dwarf varieties  |  B) Crossing with noble canes (S. officinarum)  |  C) Wild wheat  |  D) None
29. The 'Indigenous gene pool' of a region refers to:
    A) Seeds from abroad  |  B) Local and old landraces of that region  |  C) Mutant seeds  |  D) None
30. What is the main objective of Seed Certification?
    A) To change seed color  |  B) To ensure genetic and physical purity of seeds  |  C) To increase seed weight  |  D) None
31. Self-sterility is used in plant breeding for what purpose?
    A) To stop self-pollination  |  B) To facilitate hybrid seed production  |  C) To decrease yield  |  D) To dry the plant
32. In Euploidy, the state of $2n+2$ is called:
    A) Monosomy  |  B) Tetrasomy  |  C) Nullisomy  |  D) Trisomy
33. What is the difference between Haploid and Monoploid?
    A) They are identical  |  B) Haploid has 'n' number of genomes  |  C) They represent different chromosomal sets  |  D) B and C are correct
34. Who gave the concept of Primary and Secondary Centres of Origin?
    A) Mendel  |  B) N.I. Vavilov  |  C) Borlaug  |  D) Johannsen
35. The rate of Induced Mutation compared to natural mutation is:
    A) Lower  |  B) Very high  |  C) Equal  |  D) Zero
36. Hybrid Vigour is most beneficial in which generation?
    A) F1  |  B) F2  |  C) F5  |  D) P1
37. If the whole set of chromosomes increases in a plant, it is called:
    A) Mutation  |  B) Polyploidy  |  C) Hybridization  |  D) Selection
38. How many parents are used in a Double Cross?
    A) 2  |  B) 4 (A, B, C, D)  |  C) 1  |  D) 6
39. What is the importance of Dormancy in plant breeding?
    A) Immediate germination  |  B) Survival during unfavorable periods  |  C) Killing the seed  |  D) None
40. In which hybridization method is one parent used repeatedly?
    A) Back Cross  |  B) Top cross  |  C) Simple cross  |  D) None
41. A plant breeding technique that utilizes Cell Culture:
    A) Tissue Culture  |  B) Mass selection  |  C) Pure line  |  D) Domestication
42. Where is the centre of origin of Potato considered to be?
    A) India  |  B) China  |  C) South America (Peru/Chile)  |  D) Africa
43. Nullisomy is represented by which formula?
    A) 2n+1  |  B) 2n-1  |  C) 2n-2  |  D) 2n+2
44. The objective of plant breeding related to 'Abiotic stress' is:
    A) Insect resistance  |  B) Drought and Salt resistance  |  C) Disease resistance  |  D) High yield
45. What is the main use of Recurrent Selection?
    A) Selection of a single plant  |  B) Increasing frequency of favorable alleles in a population  |  C) To finish a variety  |  D) None