13. Nuclei
इस पेज पर आपको 13. Nuclei के सभी महत्वपूर्ण बहुविकल्पीय प्रश्न (MCQ), परीक्षा उपयोगी नोट्स और ऑनलाइन क्विज़ मिलेंगे। अपने ज्ञान का परीक्षण करने और बोर्ड/प्रतियोगी परीक्षा में शत-प्रतिशत अंक प्राप्त करने के लिए नीचे दिए गए मॉक टेस्ट में अवश्य भाग लें।
👉 अध्याय का सारांश (Summary)
Dear students, in this chapter, we will deeply study 1 extremely fascinating, highly powerful, and mysterious branch of physics that literally controls the ultimate energy of our entire universe: 'Nuclei'. In the previous chapter on atoms, we scientifically learned that almost 100 percent of the massive weight of any atom is strictly concentrated in 1 unimaginably tiny central core known as the nucleus. But what exactly is inside this tiny core, and what tremendous forces hold it so tightly together? For many decades, brilliant scientists strongly believed that protons and electrons lived inside the nucleus. However, the groundbreaking discovery of the neutron by James Chadwick in 1932 completely changed modern physics forever, proving that the nucleus is actually made of exactly 2 main particles: positive protons and neutral neutrons.
Instead of just cramming complex mathematical equations in closed books, if we logically connect physics with our modern daily life, it feels extremely magical. Have you ever thought deeply about how the giant Sun successfully produces such 1 massive amount of heat and blinding light continuously for billions of years? Or how exactly massive nuclear power plants generate massive electricity to light up entire huge cities without burning even 1 single piece of coal? This is no magic trick, but it is 100 percent the scientific marvel of nuclear fusion and nuclear fission reactions. When 2 extremely light nuclei magically combine to form 1 heavier nucleus inside the Sun, or when 1 massive unstable uranium nucleus splits into 2 smaller parts in 1 reactor, 1 huge amount of binding energy is instantly released, perfectly following Albert Einstein's famous mass-energy equivalence formula.
From the strict perspective of the upcoming NCERT and RBSE board exams, this specific chapter of physics is highly scoring and extremely important for your 100 percent success. In the board exams, not only direct theoretical questions are asked from this chapter, but excellent analytical, numerical, and conceptual questions on mass defect, nuclear binding energy curves, and the exact difference between fission and fusion definitely appear in the final exam paper every single year without fail. In this highly exciting journey, we will 1st study the exact composition and size of the nucleus very closely. We will scientifically learn that the nuclear radius is mathematically proportional to the cube root of its mass number.
Moving 1 little further in the chapter, we will logically analyze the massive concept of Mass Defect. We will deeply understand that the actual mass of 1 stable nucleus is always slightly less than the sum of the individual masses of its constituent protons and neutrons. This tiny missing mass magically converts into binding energy, which acts exactly like 1 highly strong cosmic superglue keeping the repulsive protons tightly bound together inside the tiny nucleus. After this, we will deeply study the highly important phenomenon of Radioactivity, discovered by Henri Becquerel. We will logically learn about the spontaneous emission of highly energetic alpha particles, beta particles, and gamma rays from unstable radioactive isotopes. Understanding the exact mathematical laws of radioactive decay and half-life period is 100 percent necessary to solve heavy numericals.
Finally, we will clearly understand the massive destruction caused by nuclear weapons and the massive peaceful benefits of nuclear energy if controlled perfectly. To perfectly ensure your excellent and 100 percent strong preparation, we have meticulously selected and prepared completely accurate, high-level, and highly exam-useful objective questions (MCQs) from all these complex topics. By continuously practicing again and again, you will surely learn critical time management and massively increase your speed of solving complex numerical questions without making even 1 single mistake.
Feature: This is 1 3-Level based unique quiz. To unlock the next level (Level 2 and 3), students must score at least 70% in the current level, making their board exam preparation 100% strong.
अध्याय के सभी प्रश्न (Revision Notes)
*नोट: यह सेक्शन रिवीजन के लिए है। अपना ज्ञान परखने के लिए ऊपर दिए गए क्विज़ में भाग लें।
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Who discovered the Neutron?
A) Rutherford | B) Chadwick | C) Thomson | D) Dalton -
Nature of Nuclear force?
A) Only attractive | B) Strong & Short-range | C) Electromagnetic | D) Gravitational -
Einstein's Mass-Energy formula?
A) E = hν | B) E = mc² | C) F = ma | D) V = IR -
Energy source in sun/stars?
A) Fission | B) Nuclear Fusion | C) Combustion | D) Chemical -
Atom bomb basis?
A) Controlled fission | B) Uncontrolled fission | C) Fusion | D) Radioactivity -
Moderator in fission slows down:
A) Control rods | B) Neutrons | C) Coolant | D) Fuel -
Energy of 1 amu:
A) 931 MeV | B) 931 J | C) 1.6 x 10⁻¹⁹ J | D) 1 MeV -
Who discovered Radioactivity?
A) Marie Curie | B) Henri Becquerel | C) Rutherford | D) Bohr -
Mass number (A) equals:
A) Protons only | B) Protons + Neutrons | C) Neutrons only | D) Protons + Electrons -
D₂O used as in reactor:
A) Fuel | B) Moderator | C) Coolant | D) Controller -
Highest penetrating power rays:
A) Alpha | B) Beta | C) Gamma | D) X-rays -
Nuclear density approx:
A) 2.3 x 10¹⁷ kg/m³ | B) 1000 kg/m³ | C) 10¹⁰ kg/m³ | D) Zero -
Hydrogen bomb basis?
A) Fission | B) Fusion | C) Radioactivity | D) None -
Half-life depends on:
A) Temp | B) Pressure | C) Nature of element | D) Amount -
What is an Alpha (α) particle?
A) Electron | B) He²⁺ nucleus | C) H-nucleus | D) EM wave -
Binding Energy per nucleon shows:
A) Size | B) Stability | C) Total mass | D) Charge -
Cause of Mass defect:
A) Energy release | B) Electron loss | C) Breakage | D) None -
What is λ in N = N₀ e⁻λt?
A) λ | B) Decay constant | C) Velocity | D) Energy -
Control rods made of:
A) Graphite | B) Cadmium/Boron | C) Iron | D) Uranium -
Charge on Gamma (γ) rays:
A) Positive | B) Negative | C) Neutral | D) Variable -
R and A relation:
A) R ∝ A | B) R ∝ A^(1/3) | C) R ∝ A² | D) R ∝ 1/A -
Isotopes have:
A) Same Z, Diff A | B) Same A, Diff Z | C) Same N | D) All diff -
What comes out in Beta (β⁻) decay?
A) Proton | B) Electron & Anti-neutrino | C) He-nucleus | D) Only energy -
Most stable nucleus in B.E. curve:
A) H | B) He | C) Iron (Fe) | D) Uranium -
Unit of Activity:
A) Curie | B) Becquerel | C) Both | D) Henry -
Energy per fission (U-235) approx:
A) 200 MeV | B) 20 MeV | C) 2 MeV | D) 2000 MeV -
Nuclear forces are:
A) Charge dependent | B) Charge independent | C) Long distance | D) Weak -
Why high temp for fusion?
A) Break nuclei | B) Overcome repulsion | C) Absorb energy | D) None -
Z decreases by 2, A by 4. Which decay?
A) α-decay | B) β-decay | C) γ-decay | D) None -
Mean life (T) and Half-life (T₁/₂) relation:
A) T = 1.44 T₁/₂ | B) T = 0.693 T₁/₂ | C) T = T₁/₂ | D) None -
T₁/₂ = 5 days. Part left after 20 days?
A) 1/4 | B) 1/8 | C) 1/16 | D) 1/2 -
A ratio 1:8. Radius ratio?
A) 1:2 | B) 1:4 | C) 1:8 | D) 1:1 -
Energy from 1g matter?
A) 9 x 10¹³ J | B) 3 x 10⁸ J | C) 1.6 x 10⁻¹⁹ J | D) 9 x 10¹⁶ J -
Chain reaction possible because:
A) Energy released | B) More neutrons released | C) Nucleus heavy | D) None -
Mean life 100s. Decay constant λ?
A) 100 s⁻¹ | B) 0.01 s⁻¹ | C) 69.3 s⁻¹ | D) 1 s⁻¹ -
Neutrons in U-238 (Z=92):
A) 92 | B) 238 | C) 146 | D) 330 -
Range of nuclear force approx:
A) 1 fermi | B) 10⁻¹⁰ m | C) 1 m | D) Infinite -
Energy cause in H to He fusion in sun:
A) Mass gain | B) Mass defect | C) Electron gain | D) None -
M relation with mp and mn for nucleus:
A) M = Zmp + Nmn | B) M < Zmp + Nmn | C) M > Zmp + Nmn | D) None -
Effect of Alpha decay on N/Z ratio:
A) Increases | B) Decreases | C) Constant | D) Zero -
Carbon dating (C-14) use:
A) Cancer cure | B) Age of fossils | C) Fuel | D) None -
Fusion usually in:
A) Heavy nuclei | B) Light nuclei | C) Medium | D) Uranium only -
Energy order from sun per second:
A) 10²⁶ J | B) 10¹⁰ J | C) 10³⁶ J | D) Zero -
Positron is anti-particle of:
A) Proton | B) Electron | C) Neutron | D) Photon -
1 curie value in Bq:
A) 3.7 x 10¹⁰ Bq | B) 1 Bq | C) 10⁶ Bq | D) 3.7 x 10⁷ Bq
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