1. मृदा, खनिज, चट्टानों का अपक्षय और मृदा निर्माण (Soil, minerals, weathering of rocks and soil formation)

*नोट: यह सेक्शन रिवीजन के लिए है। अपना ज्ञान परखने के लिए ऊपर दिए गए क्विज़ में भाग लें।

1. The word 'Soil' is derived from the word 'Solum' of which language?
   A) Latin  |  B) Greek  |  C) Russian  |  D) Arabic
2. Soil is a Three-Dimensional natural body because it possesses:
   A) Length and width  |  B) Only depth  |  C) Length, width, and depth  |  D) Only length
3. The branch of soil science in which soil is studied from the standpoint of plant growth is:
   A) Pedology  |  B) Edaphology  |  C) Geology  |  D) Ecology
4. What is the percentage of mineral matter in soil by volume?
   A) 5%  |  B) 25%  |  C) 45%  |  D) 50%
5. Which soil horizon is known as the 'Eluvial horizon'?
   A) A1  |  B) A2  |  C) B2  |  D) C
6. What is the general concentration of Carbon Dioxide (CO2) in soil air?
   A) 0.03%  |  B) 0.3%  |  C) 3.0%  |  D) 21%
7. Marble is an example of which type of rock?
   A) Igneous  |  B) Sedimentary  |  C) Metamorphic  |  D) Primary
8. What is the amount of Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3) in Limestone rock?
   A) 10-20%  |  B) 40-98%  |  C) 25-30%  |  D) 100%
9. Who is considered the Father of Soil Science?
   A) Joffe  |  B) Buckman  |  C) V.V. Dokuchaev  |  D) Jenny
10. What is the general depth of surface soil in centimeters?
    A) 0-15 cm  |  B) 15-30 cm  |  C) 30-50 cm  |  D) 0-5 cm
11. In a soil profile, the combination of 'A' and 'B' horizons is called:
    A) Regolith  |  B) Solum  |  C) Horizon  |  D) Bedrock
12. What is the silica content in Acidic Igneous rocks?
    A) 45-55%  |  B) 55-65%  |  C) 65-85%  |  D) 20-30%
13. The physical mixing of different developed soil horizons is called:
    A) Pedoturbation  |  B) Humification  |  C) Calcification  |  D) Salinization
14. The word 'Podzola' is derived from which language meaning 'ash-like'?
    A) Latin  |  B) Russian  |  C) Greek  |  D) German
15. The chemical combination of water molecules with minerals is called:
    A) Hydrolysis  |  B) Hydration  |  C) Solution  |  D) Oxidation
16. Which scientist gave the soil formation equation S = f (cl, o, r, p, t)?
    A) Jenny  |  B) Dokuchaev  |  C) Joffe  |  D) Buckman
17. Rocks formed by the cooling of volcanic lava outside the Earth's surface are:
    A) Intrusive Igneous  |  B) Extrusive Igneous  |  C) Sedimentary  |  D) Metamorphic
18. Which minerals predominate in the Clay fraction found in soil?
    A) Primary minerals  |  B) Secondary minerals  |  C) Quartz  |  D) Feldspar
19. What is the average percentage of organic matter in soil by weight?
    A) 25%  |  B) 45%  |  C) 3-5%  |  D) 50%
20. Which part of the soil profile is called the Illuvial horizon?
    A) O horizon  |  B) A horizon  |  C) B horizon  |  D) R horizon
21. In the Laterization process, oxides of which elements accumulate on the upper surface of the soil?
    A) Silica  |  B) Calcium  |  C) Iron and Aluminum  |  D) Sodium
22. Which of the following is a 'Passive factor' of soil formation?
    A) Climate  |  B) Biosphere  |  C) Parent Material  |  D) Temperature
23. Which is the second most abundant element in the Earth's crust after Oxygen?
    A) Iron  |  B) Silicon  |  C) Aluminum  |  D) Calcium
24. The unconsolidated parent material formed as a result of rock weathering is called:
    A) Regolith  |  B) Solum  |  C) Mineral  |  D) Humus
25. What is the general volumetric ratio of soil water and soil air?
    A) 10:90  |  B) 50:50  |  C) 25:75  |  D) 80:20
26. Which mineral is considered the primary source of Potash?
    A) Quartz  |  B) Orthoclase Feldspar  |  C) Calcite  |  D) Magnetite
27. Approximately 75% of the total weight of the Earth's crust is made of which two elements?
    A) Iron and Lime  |  B) Oxygen and Silicon  |  C) Nitrogen and Carbon  |  D) Aluminum and Magnesium
28. In which climatic regions does the process of Podzolization predominantly occur?
    A) Arid  |  B) Semi-arid  |  C) Cold and Humid  |  D) Tropical
29. What is the effect on the rate of chemical reactions in soil for every 10°C rise in temperature?
    A) Decreases  |  B) Remains same  |  C) Becomes approximately double  |  D) Becomes zero
30. Granite is an example of which type of igneous rock?
    A) Extrusive Igneous  |  B) Intrusive Igneous  |  C) Basic Igneous  |  D) Stratified
31. What color does the A1 horizon turn into when minerals mix with organic matter?
    A) White  |  B) Yellow  |  C) Dark  |  D) Red
32. What is the average atmospheric pressure at sea level?
    A) 10.5 lbs  |  B) 14.6 lbs per square inch  |  C) 20 lbs  |  D) 1 lb
33. What color is imparted to soil due to the mineral Haematite?
    A) Yellow  |  B) Red  |  C) Black  |  D) White
34. What is the average density of the upper layer of the Earth, 'Sial'?
    A) 5.5  |  B) 1.5  |  C) 2.65 g/cm³  |  D) 0.5
35. The removal of oxygen from minerals is called:
    A) Oxidation  |  B) Reduction  |  C) Hydration  |  D) Solution
36. Under favorable conditions, how long does it take for a fully developed soil (mature profile) to form from unweathered rock?
    A) 10 years  |  B) 50 years  |  C) 200 years  |  D) 1000 years
37. In which process does silica leach down into lower horizons while Fe/Al remain on top?
    A) Podzolization  |  B) Laterization  |  C) Calcification  |  D) Salinization
38. What is the percentage increase in volume when water freezes in rock crevices, causing weathering?
    A) 2%  |  B) 5%  |  C) 9%  |  D) 15%
39. Which of the following is a 'Secondary Mineral'?
    A) Quartz  |  B) Mica  |  C) Gypsum  |  D) Feldspar
40. The property of soil having length, width, and depth along with surface area makes it a:
    A) Mixture  |  B) Natural Body  |  C) Element  |  D) Energy