8. Heredity

*नोट: यह सेक्शन रिवीजन के लिए है। अपना ज्ञान परखने के लिए ऊपर दिए गए क्विज़ में भाग लें।

1. Who is known as the Father of Genetics?
   A) Charles Darwin  |  B) Gregor Johann Mendel  |  C) Lamarck  |  D) Watson
2. Which plant did Mendel choose for his experiments?
   A) Wild Pea  |  B) Garden Pea (Pisum sativum)  |  C) Rose  |  D) Mustard
3. The external appearance or observable traits of an organism are called:
   A) Genotype  |  B) Phenotype  |  C) Allele  |  D) None of these
4. What is the basic unit of heredity?
   A) Cell  |  B) Gene  |  C) Blood  |  D) Hormone
5. What is the total number of chromosomes in a human cell?
   A) 23  |  B) 46 (23 pairs)  |  C) 10  |  D) 50
6. Which sex chromosomes are found in males?
   A) XX  |  B) XY  |  C) YY  |  D) XO
7. Which sex chromosomes are found in females?
   A) XY  |  B) XX  |  C) YY  |  D) XO
8. What was the phenotypic ratio of Mendel's monohybrid cross?
   A) 1:2:1  |  B) 3:1  |  C) 9:3:3:1  |  D) 1:1
9. The trait that expresses itself in the first generation (F1) is called:
   A) Recessive  |  B) Dominant trait  |  C) Mixed  |  D) None of these
10. The trait that remains hidden in the F1 generation is called:
    A) Dominant  |  B) Recessive trait  |  C) Mutation  |  D) None of these
11. The section of DNA that provides information for one protein is called:
    A) Nucleus  |  B) Gene  |  C) Vacuole  |  D) Cytoplasm
12. In humans, the sex of the child depends on the chromosome of:
    A) Mother  |  B) Father  |  C) Both  |  D) Neither
13. In Mendel's experiment, the F1 generation of a cross between pure tall (TT) and pure short (tt) was:
    A) All short  |  B) All tall  |  C) Half tall  |  D) None of these
14. The transmission of traits from one generation to the next is called:
    A) Evolution  |  B) Heredity  |  C) Respiration  |  D) Excretion
15. Where are chromosomes found?
    A) In cell membrane  |  B) In the cell nucleus  |  C) In cytoplasm  |  D) In Golgi bodies
16. Who first used the term 'Gene'?
    A) Mendel  |  B) Johannsen  |  C) Morgan  |  D) Darwin
17. What is the phenotypic ratio of a dihybrid cross?
    A) 3:1  |  B) 9:3:3:1  |  C) 1:2:1  |  D) 1:1
18. Which structure becomes clearly visible during cell division?
    A) Gene  |  B) Chromosomes  |  C) DNA  |  D) RNA
19. What are different forms of the same gene called?
    A) Chromosomes  |  B) Alleles  |  C) Nucleus  |  D) DNA
20. When were Mendel's experiments first published?
    A) 1866  |  B) 1900  |  C) 1850  |  D) 1950
21. If an allele pair is 'Tt', how will the plant appear?
    A) Short  |  B) Tall  |  C) Medium  |  D) Red
22. What does Genotype mean?
    A) External appearance  |  B) Genetic makeup of an organism  |  C) Color of organism  |  D) Age of organism
23. The 22 pairs of chromosomes other than sex chromosomes are called:
    A) Allosomes  |  B) Autosomes  |  C) Genome  |  D) None of these
24. To obtain the F2 generation in self-pollination, what did Mendel do?
    A) Hybridization  |  B) Self-fertilization of F1 plants  |  C) Wild pollination  |  D) None of these
25. Who gave the Double Helix model of DNA structure?
    A) Mendel  |  B) Watson and Crick  |  C) Darwin  |  D) Lamarck
26. When do homologous chromosomes pair up?
    A) During somatic division  |  B) During meiosis  |  C) During respiration  |  D) During digestion
27. What is the genotypic ratio of a monohybrid cross in the F2 generation?
    A) 3:1  |  B) 1:2:1  |  C) 9:3:3:1  |  D) 1:1
28. If the child receives an 'X' chromosome from the father, it will be a:
    A) Boy  |  B) Girl (XX)  |  C) Twin  |  D) None of these
29. If the child receives a 'Y' chromosome from the father, it will be a:
    A) Girl  |  B) Boy (XY)  |  C) Mixed  |  D) None of these
30. Mendel's 'Law of Independent Assortment' is based on which cross?
    A) Monohybrid  |  B) Dihybrid cross  |  C) Test cross  |  D) None of these
31. Who gave the theory of 'Inheritance of Acquired Characters'?
    A) Mendel  |  B) Lamarck  |  C) Darwin  |  D) Weismann
32. What is the main cause of Variation?
    A) Error in DNA copying during sexual reproduction  |  B) Environment  |  C) Both A and B  |  D) None of these
33. Which trait is dominant between Round and Wrinkled pea seeds?
    A) Wrinkled  |  B) Round  |  C) Both  |  D) None of these
34. Who gave the theory of Natural Selection?
    A) Mendel  |  B) Charles Darwin  |  C) Lamarck  |  D) Aristotle
35. What are chromosomes made of?
    A) Only fats  |  B) DNA and protein  |  C) Only carbohydrates  |  D) Vitamins
36. The number of chromosomes in gametes compared to somatic cells is:
    A) Equal  |  B) Half (Haploid)  |  C) Double  |  D) Zero
37. What does Mendel's first law, the 'Law of Dominance', state?
    A) Both traits are seen  |  B) Only the dominant trait appears in F1  |  C) Both remain hidden  |  D) None of these
38. What percentage of DNA traits are shared by the mother and father in the offspring?
    A) 100%  |  B) 50% Mother and 50% Father  |  C) Only Mother's  |  D) Only Father's
39. Where are genes located?
    A) On cytoplasm  |  B) Linearly on chromosomes  |  C) On ribosomes  |  D) None of these
40. If the father's blood group is A and mother's is B, the offspring's group could be:
    A) Only AB  |  B) A, B, AB or O  |  C) Only O  |  D) None of these
41. In the 9:3:3:1 ratio of the F2 generation of a dihybrid cross, what does '9' represent?
    A) Both recessive traits  |  B) Both dominant traits  |  C) One dominant one recessive  |  D) None of these
42. When does the process of Crossing Over occur?
    A) Pachytene stage of Prophase-I  |  B) Metaphase  |  C) Anaphase  |  D) Telophase
43. How many pairs of contrasting traits in pea plants did Mendel study?
    A) 5  |  B) 7 pairs (14 traits)  |  C) 10  |  D) 12
44. What is the chromosomal status in Turner Syndrome?
    A) 44+XXY  |  B) 44+XO (Total 45)  |  C) 44+XYY  |  D) 44+XXX
45. Which scientists rediscovered Mendel's work in 1900?
    A) Hugo de Vries, Correns and Tschermak  |  B) Watson and Crick  |  C) Darwin and Lamarck  |  D) None of these
46. Is sex determination in humans 'Environmental' or 'Genetic'?
    A) Environmental  |  B) Purely Genetic  |  C) Mixed  |  D) None of these
47. How is sex determined in some animals like Snails?
    A) Genetic  |  B) Can change sex based on environment  |  C) Remains fixed  |  D) None of these
48. When does a recessive trait (like dwarfism) express itself?
    A) In the presence of one dominant gene  |  B) In homozygous condition (tt)  |  C) Always  |  D) Never
49. A cross between the F1 generation and any one of the parents is called:
    A) Test cross  |  B) Back Cross  |  C) Monohybrid  |  D) Dihybrid
50. What does Genetic Drift mean?
    A) Change in large populations  |  B) Accidental change in gene frequency in small populations  |  C) Migration  |  D) None of these
51. An example of Homozygous is:
    A) Tt  |  B) TT or tt  |  C) XY  |  D) None of these
52. An example of Heterozygous is:
    A) TT  |  B) Tt  |  C) tt  |  D) XX
53. What is Mendel's 'Law of Segregation' also called?
    A) Law of Dominance  |  B) Law of Purity of Gametes  |  C) Independent Assortment  |  D) None of these
54. Sudden inheritable changes in an organism are called:
    A) Adaptation  |  B) Mutation  |  C) Selection  |  D) Hybridization
55. Examples of Sex-linked diseases are:
    A) Color blindness and Haemophilia  |  B) Common cold  |  C) Cancer  |  D) Jaundice
56. The functional segment of DNA is called:
    A) Chromatin  |  B) Gene  |  C) Histone  |  D) None of these
57. Why is a Test Cross performed?
    A) To measure height  |  B) To determine the unknown genotype of F1 generation  |  C) To grow seeds  |  D) None of these
58. What is a Gene Pool?
    A) A pond for fish  |  B) The set of all genes and their alleles in a population  |  C) Cytoplasm  |  D) None of these
59. When did the Human Genome Project (HGP) start?
    A) 1950  |  B) 1990  |  C) 2005  |  D) 2015
60. Down Syndrome is caused by the trisomy of which chromosome?
    A) 13th  |  B) 21st  |  C) 18th  |  D) 23rd